Dao Hai Nam,關(guān)慶彬,Nguyen The Luan,時溢
(1.吉林大學地球科學學院,吉林長春 130061;2.越南國家科學院地質(zhì)研究所,越南河內(nèi);3.越南國家科學院海洋地質(zhì)與地球物理研究所,越南河內(nèi);4.沈陽地質(zhì)礦產(chǎn)研究所/中國地質(zhì)調(diào)查局沈陽地質(zhì)調(diào)查中心,遼寧沈陽 110034)
越南紅河平原區(qū)新生代構(gòu)造應力場特征
Dao Hai Nam1,2,關(guān)慶彬1,Nguyen The Luan3,時溢4
(1.吉林大學地球科學學院,吉林長春 130061;2.越南國家科學院地質(zhì)研究所,越南河內(nèi);3.越南國家科學院海洋地質(zhì)與地球物理研究所,越南河內(nèi);4.沈陽地質(zhì)礦產(chǎn)研究所/中國地質(zhì)調(diào)查局沈陽地質(zhì)調(diào)查中心,遼寧沈陽 110034)
紅河平原在新生代期間受印度板塊、歐亞板塊和太平洋板塊三大板塊的影響,其構(gòu)造應力場復雜多樣.通過研究紅河平原新生代構(gòu)造應力場的變化規(guī)律,確定在新生代早期紅河平原地區(qū)的構(gòu)造應力場特點為東西的擠壓應力場與左旋走滑機制,晚期則轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)槟媳钡臄D壓應力場與右旋走滑機制,且右旋走滑作用在東南部地區(qū)呈增加趨勢.紅河平原區(qū)的這種構(gòu)造應力場的變化為對紅河三角洲的形成和發(fā)展提供了條件,控制了紅河平原地區(qū)的現(xiàn)代構(gòu)造活動特征.
紅河平原;新生代;構(gòu)造應力場;活動構(gòu)造;越南
紅河平原位于紅河盆地的西北部(圖1),發(fā)育在紅河深大斷裂帶上,形成于新生代,大地構(gòu)造位置位于華南板塊和印度板塊之間的碰撞拼合帶上.
印度板塊與歐亞板塊在50Ma前發(fā)生碰撞,并極大地改變了亞洲的構(gòu)造格局[1-2].在新生代期間,構(gòu)造變形主要有兩個階段:第一階段是印支板塊-華南板塊之間的走滑;第二階段是與華南板塊之間碰撞拼貼[3-6](見圖2).這個模型得到了中國云南地區(qū)所觀測的地質(zhì)現(xiàn)象的驗證[5],在這種大的構(gòu)造背景下,紅河斷裂帶不僅是研究越南地區(qū),而且是整個東南亞地區(qū)的構(gòu)造應力場和變形機制的關(guān)鍵地區(qū).紅河斷裂帶對包括紅河平原區(qū)在內(nèi)的紅河新生代盆地的形成與發(fā)展起著至關(guān)重要的作用.
最近的研究結(jié)果[8-22]表明,紅河新構(gòu)造運動經(jīng)歷了兩個不同階段、不同方向的構(gòu)造應力場.早期(古新世至中新世)構(gòu)造應力場由最大主應力軸(σ1)近水平,方位為東西向,最小主應力軸(σ3)近水平,方位為南北向,與中間應力軸(σ2)垂直.在此期間,在紅河平原形成了構(gòu)造河谷和下跌地塹(紅河平原表現(xiàn)為構(gòu)造谷下跌地塹型),其方向為北西—南東向(圖3、4).巴維山的西南部和三島北部受到強烈的擠壓作用而隆起,抬升后遭受強烈的剝蝕作用,為地勢較低的地塹地區(qū)提供了沉積物源.在越池的南部形成了南北向的構(gòu)造應力場,使得紅河的流動方向從北西—南東驟然變化為近東西向.
圖1 研究區(qū)區(qū)域構(gòu)造位置圖(據(jù)文獻[7]修改)Fig.1Regional tectonic map of the study area(Modified from Reference[7])
圖2 運動學模型(據(jù)文獻[4])Fig.2Kinematic model(Modified from Reference[4])
晚期(上新世至今)研究區(qū)所受的構(gòu)造應力場由最大主應力(σ1)角度平緩,方位為南北向,最大拉伸軸(σ3)角度平緩,東西走向,中間應力軸(σ2)角度較陡.紅河平原地區(qū)的內(nèi)部構(gòu)造格局十分清晰.在晚期構(gòu)造應力場的影響下,整個紅河構(gòu)造帶的構(gòu)造格局再次發(fā)生改變,使得北西向的斷裂構(gòu)造成為主體構(gòu)造.越南北部帶的東北向東南方向移動,造成東朝-廣寧的擠壓變形.紅河斷裂帶的西南部(和平-府里)向西北移動形成了南北向的伸展變形帶,與紅河斷裂帶毗鄰,呈小于45°的銳角相交(圖5).Tran Van Thang[11]、Tran Dinh To[24]等認為,紅河斷裂帶的西北段發(fā)育右旋走滑斷層,紅河斷裂帶東南段發(fā)育右旋走滑斷層和正斷層,以正斷層為主,在紅河斷裂帶中的中江地區(qū)正斷層尤其發(fā)育(圖6b).在此構(gòu)造應力場的作用下,在中新世至第四紀期間形成了紅河三角洲,北東向斷裂與西北向斷裂的形成控制了紅河流域和其他河流系統(tǒng).此外,北西向斷裂沿順時針方向的平移移動形成了南-北向的凹陷-裂谷帶.
在中新世至第四紀期間,在區(qū)域構(gòu)造應力場背景下,紅河平原地區(qū)的內(nèi)部構(gòu)造格局十分清晰.從越池緯度(紅河平原的西北部)最大主應力(σ1)軸逐步從南北向轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)楸蔽鳌蠔|向,并有延伸至北部海灣地區(qū).沿著σ1軸的方向,紅河平原地區(qū)在中新世—第四紀期間斷裂構(gòu)造發(fā)育,沿北西—南東向形成地勢較低的地塹,并由中心向兩側(cè)擴張.因此,新生代期間,特別是在N2—Q階段,從西北到東南沉積深度逐漸增加(圖4),并且西南和東北兩個邊緣的沉積厚度變化不大,但其中心厚度突然增加進而形成地塹(圖3).在這個機制下,形成了延伸到東南地區(qū)的地勢低洼的地塹,進而形成了紅河三角洲(圖1).可見,紅河三角洲的形成是個相當漫長而復雜的過程.
在中新世—第四紀期間,其構(gòu)造應力場一直持續(xù)至今,紅河平原地區(qū)進入復雜并高度分化的構(gòu)造運動階段[25-31].早期階段(古新世—中新世)北西向斷裂和東西向斷裂是形成和發(fā)展為地塹、半地塹的關(guān)鍵作用;晚期階段(N2—Q)出現(xiàn)北東向斷裂和南北向斷裂,研究區(qū)域分化成單元結(jié)構(gòu)一起運動.
研究區(qū)主要的斷裂構(gòu)造包括:北西向斷裂、北東向斷裂、南北向斷裂,這些斷裂還包括不同級別的次一級斷裂.
圖3 紅河平原構(gòu)造剖面圖(據(jù)文獻[23]修改)Fig.3Structural section of Red River Plain(Modified from Reference[23])
圖4 紅河平原構(gòu)造剖面圖(據(jù)文獻[23]修改)Fig.4Structural section of Red River Plain(Modified from Reference[23])
圖5 紅河西南部和清華地區(qū)構(gòu)造綱要圖Fig.5Structural map of SW Red River and Thanh Hoa Plain
第一級斷裂包括紅河斷裂、廬江斷裂、齋江斷裂,是新生代之前的形成的切過地殼的深大斷裂(圖3),有著長期和復雜的發(fā)展歷史.分界構(gòu)造元素第一級并控制紅河三角洲地區(qū)的動力變形的特征并發(fā)展成為西南隆起帶、中心凹陷帶和東北隆起帶.在現(xiàn)代構(gòu)造應力場的沖擊下,紅河斷裂帶是右行走滑活動機制.此外,紅河斷裂帶的西北段發(fā)育右行走滑斷層(圖6a),但在東南段是右旋正斷裂(圖6b、c),正斷裂越來越發(fā)育[12-13,17-21,26].
研究區(qū)第二級和第三級斷裂構(gòu)造也比較發(fā)達,多沿著紅河斷裂包括永寧、京門、巴維、山西平行發(fā)育.這種斷裂分界構(gòu)造塊第一級分成隆起帶、凹陷帶,但是對第二級和第三級斷裂的研究較少,一方面因為它們可能出現(xiàn)的年齡晚(主要是N2—Q階段),另一個方面是這些斷裂的深度不大,通常只發(fā)展在新生代的沉積物中.
圖6 紅河正斷層Fig.6The Red River normal fault
通過遙感、地貌和地球物理材料,可以發(fā)現(xiàn)一系列的南北向斷裂帶.它們的寬度1~5 km,延伸4~5 km甚至50~60 km.主要有兩種類型:伴隨著下沉作用的裂谷帶和發(fā)育在基巖區(qū)的構(gòu)造破碎帶(紅河平原西南地區(qū)的清廉、金榜、廟門).南北向斷裂帶主要發(fā)育在研究區(qū)西南部的地勢低洼地區(qū),同時受到北西向斷裂系統(tǒng)的右旋走滑斷層的改造,使得南北向斷裂帶與紅河斷裂帶呈40~50°銳角相交,主要包括清廉-嘉慶、金榜、廟門、和平-不幕(圖5).基本上,這種南北向破碎帶是由紅河斷裂帶的西南盤向西北右向移動所形成的南北向的生長帶.清廉-嘉慶破碎帶下沉并形成裂谷的過程控制了底河近50 km的舒展與蜿蜒彎曲的河道,在下沉區(qū)河流仍保持南北方向的流動.或者從和平到不幕-中江之間的的沱河段被南北向破碎帶所控制,而在和平地區(qū),沱河的河道則突然轉(zhuǎn)換到北南方向.
1)研究區(qū)紅河平原地區(qū)在新生代經(jīng)歷了兩個時期:早期東西向擠壓應力場與左旋走滑機制;晚期南北向擠壓應力場與右旋走滑機制.
2)在構(gòu)造應力場的影響下,構(gòu)造運動變化既有水平方向又有垂直方向,形成了復雜的北西、北東和南北向斷裂.
3)紅河斷裂帶的主體為右行走滑-正斷層.東南段以正斷層為主,同時西南段沿順時針方向平移,形成了紅河三角洲.
4)紅河斷裂帶西南盤向西北方向移動形成的裂谷帶,主要包括清廉-嘉慶,金榜,廟門,和平-不幕南北向的破碎帶.
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CHARACTERISTICS OF CENOZOIC TECTONIC STRESS FIELD OF THE RED RIVER PLAIN IN VIETNAM
Dao Hai Nam1,2,GUAN Qing-bin1,Nguyen The Luan3,SHI Yi4
(1.College of Earth Sciences,Jilin University,Changchun 130061,China;2.Institute of Geological Science,Viet Nam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi,Viet Nam;3.Institute of Marine Geology and Geophysics,Viet Nam Academy of Science and Technology,Hanoi,Viet Nam; 4.Shenyang Institute of Geology and Mineral Resource,CGS,Shenyang 110034,China)
Influenced by the Indo-Australian plate,Eurasian plate and Pacific plate,the Cenozoic tectonic stress field of Red River Plain was complex and diverse.Analysis on the variation of the Cenozoic tectonic stress field shows that the deformation in the Red River region is characterized by east-west sinistral compression in Early Cenozoic,while north-south dextral compression in Late Cenozoic,with an increasing trend of dextral slip compressive stresses in southeastern region. The variation of deformation in the Red River Plain provides conditions for the formation and development of the Red River delta and controls the modern north-south dynamic stress of the region.
Red River Plain;Cenozoic;tectonic stress field;active tectonics;Vietnam
1671-1947(2015)01-0075-06
P546
A
2014-12-19;
2015-02-03.編輯:周麗、張哲.
Dao Hai Nam(1985—),男,碩士研究生,從事構(gòu)造地質(zhì)學研究,通信地址吉林省長春市建設街2199號,E-mail//daohainam.mdc@gmail.com