單濤,鄭波,陳熹,吳濤,白育花,季爾麗,王繼欣
(西安交通大學醫(yī)學院第二附屬醫(yī)院 普通外科,陜西 西安 710004)
·論 著·
Cav-1在胰腺癌中表達及與臨床預后關系的研究
單濤,鄭波,陳熹,吳濤,白育花,季爾麗,王繼欣
(西安交通大學醫(yī)學院第二附屬醫(yī)院 普通外科,陜西 西安 710004)
目的:腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展不僅與腫瘤細胞的增殖有關,還依賴于腫瘤細胞和間質微環(huán)境之間的相互作用,對腫瘤微環(huán)境起關鍵調節(jié)作用的間質小窩蛋白-1(Cav-1)可能是一個潛在的治療靶點,本研究旨在探討胰腺癌間質Cav-1的表達能否作為客觀的預后標志物。方法:選取45例胰腺癌標本,應用免疫組化法測定胰腺癌、癌旁及正常組織間質Cav-1表達,分析間質Cav-1的表達與臨床病理特征和預后的相關性。結果:6例(13.3%)標本間質Cav-1呈強染色,8例(17.8%)呈低-中度染色,31例(68.9%)無染色。間質Cav-1表達缺失與TNM分期(P=0.018)、淋巴結轉移(P=0.014)、遠處轉移(P=0.027)相關,與年齡、性別、組織學分級和腫瘤大小無顯著性相關(P>0.05)。結論:胰腺癌間質Cav-1是獨立預后指標,可作為胰腺癌有效治療的靶標。
胰腺癌; 小窩蛋白-1; 預后; 免疫組織化學
胰腺癌是惡性程度較高的腫瘤之一[1]。研究表明,腫瘤微環(huán)境在腫瘤進展中起重要作用,突出了間質細胞在抗癌治療中的重要性[2-4]。為了更充分地了解微環(huán)境在驅動腫瘤復發(fā)、轉移以及決定臨床預后的效用,發(fā)現新的微環(huán)境靶點非常重要。
小窩蛋白(Cav)是覆蓋于50 nm至100 nm內陷細胞膜的一類骨架蛋白層[5],Cav家族包含3個亞型:Cav-1、Cav-2、Cav-3。Cav-1基因位于7號染色體(7q31.1),包括3個外顯子(30、165、342 bp)和兩個內含子(1.5、32 kb)。Cav-1蛋白參與多種細胞功能,如囊泡運輸、膽固醇代謝和信號轉導[6]。盡管越來越多的證據表明Cav-1與腫瘤發(fā)生相關,但是作為抑癌基因還是癌基因仍不清楚[7-9]。最近提出腫瘤代謝的自噬間質模型有助于對腫瘤微環(huán)境作用的理解[10-11],在這個模型中Cav-1是潛在的關鍵靶點[12]。研究顯示間質Cav-1的表達缺失是早期乳腺癌復發(fā)和進展的唯一獨立預測因素[7]。Ayala等報道稱,間質Cav-1表達缺失通過參與Akt的活化使TGF-β1和SNCG表達上調而導致前列腺癌細胞的轉移[13]。有報道稱癌相關成纖維細胞中Cav-1的表達水平可預測胃癌預后;而在惡性黑色素瘤轉移灶中間質Cav-1表達缺失預示著不良預后[14-15]。然而,胰腺癌中間質Cav-1的表達水平和臨床意義尚不清楚。為了探討胰腺癌Cav-1表達的意義,我們檢測其在胰腺癌間質中的表達水平,以便分析Cav-1的表達與胰腺癌臨床病理特征及預后的關系。
1.1 材料
選取2007年1月至2012年12月于西安交通大學第二附屬醫(yī)院肝膽胰外科進行胰十二指腸切除術(惠普爾術)的45例胰腺癌標本,10%福爾馬林固定,正常胰腺組織作為對照。45例患者中,男24例,女21例,手術時平均年齡為64.5歲(44~82歲)。根據國際抗癌聯盟的分類進行腫瘤分期和組織學分級的記錄,其中Ⅰ期3例、Ⅱ期11例、Ⅲ期27例、Ⅳ期4例,組織學分級Ⅰ級7例、Ⅱ級20例、Ⅲ級18例。隨訪中位時間為22個月(4~52個月),標本獲得均經本人或近親同意并簽署書面知情同意書,本研究經西安交通大學的機構審查委員會和倫理委員會批準。
1.2 免疫組化檢測Cav-1蛋白
采用標準的SP法檢測Cav-1蛋白。組織切片經處理后與一抗孵育過夜,繼而與生物素標記的羊抗兔IgG孵育30 min,隨后與過氧化物酶標記的鏈霉親和素室溫孵育20 min。在含0.02% 3,9-二氨基聯苯胺的Tris-HCl溶液(pH 7.6)中染色5~7 min,最后經蘇木精復染、水沖洗、脫水、清除、封片,用顯微鏡觀察。染色半定量評分為:陰性(0分,不著色)、弱陽性(1分,彌漫弱陽性或強陽性間質細胞數<30%)以及強陽性(2分,染色強陽性細胞數≥30%)??笴av-1 和β-actin均購自Abcam(Cambridge, USA或Santa Cruz, USA)。
1.3 統(tǒng)計學處理
采用χ2檢驗或雙面Fisher精確檢驗分析方法。Pearson相關系數用來衡量Cav-1關聯強度。采用Kaplan-meier計算生存率、log-rank檢驗進行差異性檢驗。選擇有顯著性的因素逐步建立Cox多元比例風險模型,以確定其預后價值。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。所有的統(tǒng)計學分析采用SPSS 13(SPSS,Chicago)軟件。
2.1 胰腺癌間質中Cav-1的表達
Cav-1在細胞膜和胞質中均有表達[16],為了評估胰腺癌間質中Cav-1的表達狀態(tài),對胰腺癌、癌旁及正常組織均進行免疫組化檢測。結果顯示:Cav-1強表達幾乎僅表達于癌旁及正常組織間質,在腫瘤組織間質僅偶爾檢測到。45例腫瘤標本中,6例(13.3%)間質Cav-1呈強染色、8例(17.8%)呈低度染色、31例(68.9%)不著色(圖1)。
N.正常胰腺組織; P.癌旁組織; C.胰腺癌組織
圖1 免疫組化檢測胰腺癌、癌旁、正常組織間質中Cav-1表達水平 ×400
N.Normal tissue strongly positive for Cav-1 expression; P.Paracancer tissue moderate for Cav-1 expression; C. Tumor tissue with negative Cav-1 expression
Fig 1 Representative immunohistochemistry results of stromal Cav-1 expression in pancreatic tissue(×400)
2.2 間質Cav-1表達缺失與臨床病理參數的關系
表1總結了胰腺癌間質中Cav-1蛋白的表達與臨床病理參數的聯系。Ⅰ、Ⅱ期的14例中6例(42.9%)間質Cav-1表達缺失,顯著低于Ⅲ期(77.8%,21/27)和Ⅳ期(100%,4/4)(P=0.018)。間質Cav-1的表達缺失與淋巴結轉移(P=0.014)、遠處轉移(P=0.027)相關,與年齡、性別、組織學分級和腫瘤大小無顯著相關性(P>0.05)。
2.3 間質Cav-1表達缺失與胰腺癌預后相關性
為明確胰腺癌間質Cav-1缺失的預后價值,對Cav-1不同表達狀態(tài)的患者累積生存率進行分析(圖2),間質Cav-1表達缺失,即無染色,定為陰性,弱染色或強染色定為陽性。間質Cav-1陰性患者(n=31)3年累積生存率為8.8%(中位時間16個月),相反地,Cav-1陽性患者(n=14)的累積生存率為20.2%(中位時間28個月),差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05)。
多因素分析顯示,淋巴結轉移和TNM分期是胰腺癌患者總生存期的獨立預后因素,間質Cav-1蛋白的表達缺失也是總生存期的獨立預后因素(P=0.006),然而腫瘤大小等臨床參數不是獨立的預后因素。
實體腫瘤進展除細胞內在特性外,還得益于腫瘤周圍豐富的炎癥細胞和間質細胞交互作用[17],暗示腫瘤的治療應同時針對腫瘤細胞及間質細胞[18]。腫瘤代謝自噬間質模型[19]表明作為關鍵調節(jié)劑的間質Cav-1表達缺失是潛在的治療靶向,且進一步表明間質細胞Cav-1的表達可能具有預測預后價值。此外,間質Cav-1表達缺失已證實是乳腺癌早期復發(fā)、淋巴結轉移、他莫昔芬耐藥和不良臨床預后的預測因子[20]。本研究結果顯示與癌旁和正常組織相比,間質Cav-1在胰腺癌中表達下調,其表達缺失與高TNM分期、淋巴結轉移、遠處轉移和不良預后相關。本研究首次表明間質Cav-1的表達缺失是胰腺癌的不良預后指標。然而,Witkiewicz等[21]的研究表明,FASN和Cav-1的共表達可能是有價值的臨床指標,他們發(fā)現Cav-1和FASN在胰腺低分化腺癌中表達高于胰腺導管上皮內瘤變中的水平。除腫瘤上皮細胞外Cav-1也存在于腫瘤相關成纖維細胞中,間質Cav-1在正常胰腺或鄰近腫瘤細胞的慢性胰腺炎組織中為陰性,這與本研究結果不一致。這種差異可能歸因于Witkiewicz等研究中兩分子(FASN和Cav-1)免疫定位中的互相干擾,而且,研究中的Cav-1抗體特異性有差異。最后,標本的異質性可能也會影響結果。鑒于Witkiewicz等的研究結果與本研究不一致,仍需進一步的探索。
Cav-1蛋白是細胞膜穴樣內陷的結構蛋白,存在于大多數哺乳動物細胞中[22]。Cav-1蛋白是細胞小窩的主要結構蛋白,并被認為是參與細胞惡性轉化和惡性進展的關鍵分子[23]。Cav-1在幾條導致細胞轉化的信號通路中起重要的調節(jié)作用,包括由Src家族酪氨酸激酶、表皮生長因子受體、HER-2/neu、C反應蛋白、Wnt信號和Erk1/2介導的信號轉導[6,24-26]。根據腫瘤的類型和(或)分期,Cav-1被認為是抑癌基因或癌基因。這兩種不同的作用可能是因為Cav-1不同結構域的不同激活狀態(tài)影響,或是由信號通路中與Cav-1蛋白相互作用的分子的表達所致[27]。最近,有幾項研究對Cav-1蛋白在腫瘤進展中的潛在作用進行了評估[8,28-30],然而,Cav-1的表達與腫瘤進展之間的關系在細胞和分子水平仍不清楚?;谀[瘤代謝自噬間質模型,Cav-1蛋白表達缺失可能通過代謝轉化機制而影響腫瘤進展,這值得進一步的研究。
表1 胰腺癌間質Cav-1表達與臨床病理因素關系 例
Tab 1 Association between stromal Cav-1 expression and clinicopathologic factors in pancreatic cancers cases
aP<0.05
注:括號中為所占百分比
總之,間質Cav-1蛋白在胰腺癌中表達下調,且與高TNM分期、淋巴結轉移和不良預后緊密相關,因此,間質Cav-1可作為胰腺癌侵襲性的新的生物標志物。
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Loss of stromal caveolin-1 expression:a novel tumor microenvironmentbiomarker that can predict poor clinical outcomes for pancreatic cancer
SHAN Tao,ZHENG Bo,CHEN Xi,WU Tao,BAI Yu-hua,JI Er-li,WANG Ji-xin
(DepartmentofGeneralSurgery,theSecondAffiliatedHospitalofMedicalCollege,Xi’anJiaotongUniversity,Xi’an710004,China)
Objective: Cancer development and progression is not only associated with the tumor cell proliferation but also depends on the interaction between tumor cells and the stromal microenvironment. A new understanding of the role of the tumor microenvironment suggests that the loss of stromal caveolin-1 (Cav-1) as a key regulator may become a potential therapy target. This study aims to elucidate whether stromal Cav-1 expression in pancreatic cancer can be a strong prognosis biomarker. Methods: Tissue samples from 45 pancreatic cancer patients were studied. Stromal Cav-1 expression was measured from pancreatic cancer, paraneoplastic, and normal tissue by using immunohistochemistry. We analyzed the correlation of stromal Cav-1 expression with clinicopathologic features and prognostic. Results: Specimens from six patients(13.3%) showed high levels of stromal Cav-1 staining, those from eight patients(17.8%) showed a lower, intermediate level of staining, whereas those from 31 patients (68.9%) showed an absence of staining. Stromal Cav-1 loss was associated with TNM stage(P=0.018), lymph node metastasis(P= 0.014), distant metastasis(P= 0.027). The relationships of age, sex, histological grade, and tumor size with stromal Cav-1 expression were not significant(P>0.05). Conclusion: The loss of stromal Cav-1 in pancreatic cancer is an independent prognostic indicator, thus suggesting that stromal Cav-1 may be an effective therapeutic target for patients with pancreatic cancer.
pancreatic cancer; caveolin-1; prognosis; immunohistochemistry
2015-03-04
2015-04-12
國家自然科學基金資助項目(81402583); 陜西省自然科學基金資助項目(2014JQ4165); 西安交通大學?;鹳Y助項目(xjj2014077)
陳熹 E-mail:Chenxi@163.com
單濤,鄭波,陳熹,等.Cav-1在胰腺癌中表達及與臨床預后關系的研究[J].東南大學學報:醫(yī)學版,2015,34(4):552-557.
R735.9
A
1671-6264(2015)04-0552-06
10.3969/j.issn.1671-6264.2015.04.012