姜迪,張慧杰,張淑蘭
·綜述·
亞甲基四氫葉酸還原酶基因多態(tài)性與宮頸癌的關系
姜迪,張慧杰,張淑蘭△
宮頸癌是女性最常見的惡性腫瘤之一,其發(fā)生是環(huán)境致癌因素與遺傳因素共同作用的結果。目前研究表明,亞甲基四氫葉酸還原酶(MTHFR)基因多態(tài)性與宮頸癌的發(fā)生密切相關,其降低了葉酸代謝酶的活性,影響細胞內(nèi)正常DNA的合成及甲基化,以及通過與環(huán)境因素例如葉酸水平、人乳頭瘤病毒(HPV)感染、飲酒、吸煙及原癌基因的交互作用,從而改變個體對宮頸癌的易感性,并且在不同國家、不同種族分布存在顯著差異。同時,MTHFR基因多態(tài)性表達與腫瘤預后有關,可能改變化療的敏感度和化療藥物的毒性,但其與宮頸癌預后的關系尚未明確?,F(xiàn)就MTHFR基因多態(tài)性與宮頸癌的易感性、流行病學調(diào)查及預后評估等方面的關系進行綜述。
四氫葉酸脫氫酶;多態(tài)現(xiàn)象,遺傳;宮頸腫瘤;疾病易感性
【Abstract】Cervical cancer is one of the most common female malignancies,resulted from both environmental factors and genetic variants.Recent research revealed that polymorphisms of MTHFR may have a correlation with increased cervical cancer susceptibility.A proposed mechanism for the role of MTHFR polymorphisms in carcinogenesis involves down-regulation of folate enzyme activities and interaction with the other factors such as folate level,human papillomaviruses infection,alcohol,smoking and the interaction of the proto-oncogene,which leaded to the abnormal patterns of DNA synthesis and methylation,influenced the individual susceptibility to cervical cancer,and played a completely different role in different countries and ethnic groups.MTHFR polymorphisms may also have a relationship with tumor prognosis by affecting the susceptibility to the chemotherapy and drug toxicity,however,whether it was associated with cervical cancer prognosis remained uncertain.This review concluded the relationship between MTHFR polymorphisms and cervical cancer in host susceptibility,epidemiology and prognosis as followed.
【Keywords】Tetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase;Polymorphism,genetic;Uterine cervical neoplasms;Disease susceptibility
(J Int Obstet Gynecol,2015,42:83-86)
宮頸癌是女性最常見的生殖道惡性腫瘤,人乳頭瘤病毒(HPV)感染是宮頸癌發(fā)生的主要原因,同時宿主因素也起著重要作用,即不同的群體和個體對宮頸癌的易感性存在差異。近年來,腫瘤相關基因多態(tài)性的研究頗受關注,亞甲基四氫葉酸還原酶(methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase,MTHFR)是葉酸代謝的關鍵酶,其在宮頸癌發(fā)生及發(fā)展中的作用日益受到關注。大量研究表明,MTHFR基因突變與宮頸癌的發(fā)生、發(fā)展及預后關系密切,但其具體作用存在較大的種族、地域分布差異,各地報道結論不一。
1.1MTHFR基因結構與功能MTHFR是葉酸代謝的關鍵酶,其將5,10-亞甲基四氫葉酸轉(zhuǎn)化為5-四氫葉酸,后者作為輔因子在經(jīng)蛋氨酸合成酶(methionine synthase,MTR)的催化作用后生成蛋氨酸,蛋氨酸在腺苷轉(zhuǎn)移酶的作用下生成S-腺苷甲硫氨酸(S-adenosylmethionine,SAM)。MTHFR基因多態(tài)性是導致酶活性降低或缺失以及熱穩(wěn)定性改變的主要機制[1]。
MTHFR基因位于1號染色體短臂上(1p36.3),共有11個外顯子和10個內(nèi)含子。目前發(fā)現(xiàn)的MTHFR突變位點有近20多個,其中與人類疾病關系較為密切的是677C→T和1298A→C[2]。
MTHFR677C→T突變位點最早由Frosst等[3]于1995年發(fā)現(xiàn)并報道,其產(chǎn)生Ala222Val錯義突變,引起酶活性和熱穩(wěn)定性的改變。研究表明,野生型純合子677CC的MTHFR活性是雜合子CT的1.5倍、純合子TT的3.3倍,而1298野生型純合子的酶活性是突變雜合子與677突變雜合子聯(lián)合的2倍[4]。流行病學資料表明,這兩者位點的多態(tài)頻率分布存在種族、地域差異。在中國MTHFR677純合子的分布頻率約為20%,1298CC純合子為1.5%左右,在西歐、北美、加拿大等國家為10%左右。
1.2MTHFR與葉酸葉酸是人體重要的B族維生素之一,必須從食物中獲得,若攝入不足極易引起葉酸缺乏。低水平的葉酸攝入與腫瘤的發(fā)生密切相關,其主要機制可能是通過兩大途徑導致DNA合成修復障礙和甲基化狀態(tài)紊亂:葉酸缺乏時,胸腺嘧啶脫氧核苷酸(deoxythymidine monophosphate,dTMP)合成降低,尿嘧啶脫氧核苷酸(deoxyuridine monophosphate,dUMP)平均含量相對增高,三磷酸脫氧尿苷(deoxyuridine triphosphate,dUTP)錯誤摻入概率增高,DNA修復系統(tǒng)識別后將其切除,造成DNA單鏈甚至雙鏈斷裂,染色體不穩(wěn)定,細胞轉(zhuǎn)為惡性;葉酸功能的發(fā)揮主要與SAM的合成有關。SAM是細胞內(nèi)各種甲基化反應的供體,低水平葉酸意味著低水平SAM,從而導致全基因組的低甲基化和特異性基因啟動子區(qū)域CpG島的高甲基化。前者使受抑制的原癌基因大量表達,而后者導致抑癌基因表達水平下降[5]。
Tio等[6]在對葉酸攝入與上消化道癌癥的Meta分析中指出,高葉酸水平飲食降低患食道癌(OR= 0.59,95%CI:0.51~0.69)、胰腺癌(OR=0.66,95%CI:0.49~0.89)的風險。Webb等[7]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),高葉酸飲食可以降低患卵巢癌的風險,尤其是吸煙、嗜酒的患者。然而,Yang等[8]對2 325例南美乳腺癌患者的研究未發(fā)現(xiàn),葉酸攝入量與雌激素受體陰性乳腺癌患病率相關。
2.1MTHFR基因多態(tài)性與宮頸癌的流行病學目前大量分子流行病學研究表明MTHFR基因多態(tài)性不僅與癌癥相關(包括直腸癌、甲狀腺癌、乳腺癌、卵巢癌、宮頸癌等),還與缺血性腦卒中、胎兒生長受限等疾病相關[9-12],然而MTHFR基因多態(tài)性與宮頸癌的關系尚無定論,并且存在較大的種族、地域分布差異。Zhu等[13]綜合了13項(共計1 936例患者)MTHFR基因多態(tài)性與宮頸癌關系的相關研究,對亞洲人和白種人MTHFR677TT基因型相對CC基因型罹患宮頸癌的風險進行了Meta分析,結果發(fā)現(xiàn),在亞洲人中OR值為1.41,95%CI為1.07~1.86,P值為0.01;亞洲人TT型與CC+CT型比較,OR值為1.38,95%CI為1.08~1.75,P值為0.008。而在白種人中,TT型與CC型比較,OR值為0.65,95%CI為0.45~0.93,P值為0.02;TT+CT型與CC型比較,OR值為0.7,95%CI為0.58~0.86,P值為0.000 5。結果表明,MTHFR基因多態(tài)性可增加亞洲人罹患宮頸癌的風險,而對白種人卻有保護作用。另外,Botezatu等[14]發(fā)現(xiàn)MTHFR基因多態(tài)性可增強羅馬尼亞婦女罹患宮頸癌的易感性。Agodi等[15]則報道MTHFR基因多態(tài)性是西西里婦女患宮頸癌的保護因子。而在Lambropoulos等[16]的研究未發(fā)現(xiàn)MTHFR基因多態(tài)性與宮頸上皮內(nèi)瘤變及宮頸癌患病風險有關,同樣的發(fā)現(xiàn)在日本也有報道??梢?,由于地理環(huán)境和生活條件的不同,相同的基因突變在不同的人群中所發(fā)揮的作用不同。
2.2MTHFR基因多態(tài)性的交互作用造成研究結果不一致的原因很多,包括研究人群、樣本例數(shù)以及研究對象的生活方式、HPV感染等。目前對MTHFR基因多態(tài)性相關交互作用研究方向主要集中在機體葉酸水平、HPV感染、飲酒、吸煙及原癌基因[17]。Le Marchand等[18]對飲食和總?cè)~酸攝入水平及Messedi等[19]對血漿葉酸水平進行分析發(fā)現(xiàn),677TT突變基因型在機體攝入高葉酸和甲硫氨酸時保護效應最強。Tong等[20]在韓國開展的一項包含927個病例的多中心研究發(fā)現(xiàn),高水平葉酸濃度顯著降低宮頸癌風險,低葉酸水平的MTHFR677TT基因型攜帶者患CIN Ⅱ/Ⅲ(OR=2.39,95%CI:1.18~4.85)及宮頸癌(OR= 3.19,95%CI:1.43~7.13)的風險高于高葉酸水平的野生型純合子或雜合子基因攜帶者。Goodman等[21]曾在2001年報道HPV感染合677C→T突變者患宮頸癌風險顯著升高(OR=46.6,95%CI:15.9~136.2),其生物學假設可能是E6癌基因的非正常甲基化調(diào)控,導致E6癌基因表達異常,而HPV16感染及其E6癌基因與MTHFR基因是否具有協(xié)同作用尚無定論,具體機制和結果尚需進一步研究。
3.1MTHFR基因多態(tài)性與化療敏感性盡管MTHFR基因多態(tài)性與宮頸癌預后的關系尚未明確,但是有相關研究證明其與腫瘤預后的關系密切,并可能修飾化療效果。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),結直腸癌、乳腺癌、非何杰金淋巴瘤、肺癌、胃癌、食管癌等腫瘤的預后可能與MTHFR基因多態(tài)性有關[22]。Sohn等[23]使用人MTHFR677CC或677TT cDNA轉(zhuǎn)染人HCT 116大腸癌細胞和MDA-MB-435乳腺癌細胞,比較其對甲氨蝶呤(MTX)和5-氟尿嘧啶(5-Fu)的化療敏感度,結果發(fā)現(xiàn),MTHFR677TT轉(zhuǎn)染的細胞相比MTHFR677CC轉(zhuǎn)染的細胞生長更快,對5-Fu的化療敏感度增強,而對MTX化療敏感性較弱。Thomas等[24]在對大腸癌組織中的MTHFR基因多態(tài)性的分析中發(fā)現(xiàn)攜帶MTHFR677T等位基因的病例在5-Fu化療后,有更好的療效和更高的生存率,其可能機制是MTHFR的低活性抑制了5,10-亞甲基四氫葉酸向5-甲基四氫葉酸轉(zhuǎn)化,使得腫瘤細胞內(nèi)的5,10-亞甲基四氫葉酸濃度升高,促進腫瘤細胞增殖并增強其對化療藥物的敏感度。
3.2MTHFR基因多態(tài)性與化療藥物毒性Eissa等[25]發(fā)現(xiàn),應用MTX治療的患者中,基因型為677TT者發(fā)生中性粒細胞減少、消化道毒性的風險更高。Celtikci等[26]用流式細胞術、原位末端標記技術等觀察凋亡發(fā)現(xiàn),由于血清中同型半胱氨酸濃度升高和脫氧核苷酸池失衡、dUTP/dTTP比值升高,MTHFR基因低表達和高表達均加強MTX引起的骨髓抑制。
宮頸癌的發(fā)生是環(huán)境致癌因素與遺傳因素共同作用的結果,對于宮頸癌的易感基因定位成為目前研究的趨勢。目前研究表明,MTHFR基因多態(tài)性與宮頸癌的發(fā)生密切相關,但具體作用關系結論不一致。除了MTHFR基因本身,其與環(huán)境因素及其他交互作用也同樣影響宮頸癌的發(fā)生。在臨床用藥方面,從MTHFR基因多態(tài)性角度出發(fā)研究不同患者的藥物敏感度差異,能更好地實施個體化治療。因此,分析MTHFR基因多態(tài)性與宮頸癌易感性的關系,能為宮頸癌的早期診斷、早期治療提供理論依據(jù)。
[1]Misra UK,Kalita J,Srivastava AK,et al.MTHFR gene polymorphism and its relationship with plasma homocysteine and folate in a North Indian population[J].Biochem Genet,2010,48(3/4):229-235.
[2]Nasr AS,Sami RM,Ibrahim NY.Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene polymorphisms(677C>T and 1298A>C)in Egyptian patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma[J].J Cancer Res Ther,2012,8(3):355-360.
[3]Frosst P,Blom HJ,Milos R,et al.A candidate genetic risk factor for vascular disease:a common mutation in methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase[J].Nat Genet,1995,10(1):111-113.
[4]Sohn KJ,Jang H,Campan M,et al.The methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase C677T mutation induces cell-specific changes in genomic DNA methylation and uracil misincorporation:a possible molecular basis for the site-specific cancer risk modification[J].Int J Cancer,2009,124(9):1999-2005.
[5]Comerford KB.Recent developments in multivitamin/mineral research[J].Adv Nutr,2013,4(6):644-656.
[6]Tio M,Andrici J,Cox MR,et al.Folate intake and the risk of upper gastrointestinal cancers:a systematic review and meta-analysis[J].J Gastroenterol Hepatol,2014,29(2):250-258.
[7]Webb PM,Ibiebele TI,Hughes MC,et al.Folate and related micronutrients,folate-metabolising genes and risk of ovarian cancer[J].Eur J Clin Nutr,2011,65(10):1133-1140.
[8]Yang D,Baumgartner RN,Slattery ML,et al.Dietary intake of folate,B-vitamins and methionine and breast cancer risk among Hispanic and non-Hispanic white women[J].PLoS One,2013,8(2):e54495.
[9]Prasad VV,Wilkhoo H.Association of the functional polymorphism C677Tinthemethylenetetrahydrofolatereductasegenewith colorectal,thyroid,breast,ovarian,andcervicalcancers[J].Onkologie,2011,34(8/9):422-426.
[10]Uehara SK,Rosa G.Association of homocysteinemia with high concentrations of serum insulin and uric acid in Brazilian subjects with metabolic syndrome genotyped for C677T polymorphism in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene[J].Nutr Res,2008,28 (11):760-766.
[11]Supanc V,Sonicki Z,Vukasovic I,et al.The role of classic risk factors and prothrombotic factor gene mutations in ischemic stroke risk development in young and middle-aged individuals[J].J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis,2014,23(3):e171-e176.
[12]Ubeda N,Reyes L,González-Medina A,et al.Physiologic changes in homocysteine metabolism in pregnancy:a longitudinal study in Spain[J].Nutrition,2011,27(9):925-930.
[13]Zhu J,Wu L,Kohlmeier M,et al.Association between MTHFR C677T,MTHFR A1298C and MS A2756G polymorphisms and risk of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia II/III and cervical cancer:a meta-analysis[J].Mol Med Rep,2013,8(3):919-927.
[14]Botezatu A,Socolov D,Iancu IV,et al.Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase(MTHFR)polymorphisms and promoter methylation in cervical oncogenic lesions and cancer[J].J Cell Mol Med,2013,17 (4):543-549.
[15]Agodi A,Barchitta M,Cipresso R,et al.Distribution of p53,GST,and MTHFR polymorphisms and risk of cervical intraepithelial lesions in sicily[J].Int J Gynecol Cancer,2010,20(1):141-146.
[16]Lambropoulos AF,Agorastos T,F(xiàn)oka ZJ,et al.Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase polymorphism C677T is not associated to the risk of cervical dysplasia[J].Cancer Lett,2003,191(2):187-191.
[17]Louie KS,Castellsague X,de Sanjose S,et al.Smoking and passive smoking in cervical cancer risk:pooled analysis of couples from the IARC multicentric case-control studies[J].Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers,2011,20(7):1379-1390.
[18]Le Marchand L,Wilkens LR,Kolonel LN,et al.The MTHFR C677T polymorphism and colorectal cancer:the multiethnic cohort study[J].Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev,2005,14(5):1198-1203.
[19]Messedi M,F(xiàn)rigui M,Chaabouni Kh,et al.Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase C677T and A1298C polymorphisms and variations of homocysteine concentrations in patients with Behcet′s disease[J].Gene,2013,527(1):306-310.
[20]Tong SY,Kim MK,Lee JK,et al.Common polymorphisms in methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene are associated with risks of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and cervical cancer in women with low serum folate and vitamin B12[J].Cancer Causes Control,2011,22(1):63-72.
[21]Goodman MT,McDuffie K,Hernandez B,et al.Association of methylenetetrahydrofolatereductasepolymorphismC677Tand dietary folate with the risk of cervical dysplasia[J].Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev,2001,10(12):1275-1280.
[22]Trimmer EE.Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase:biochemical characterization and medical significance[J].Curr Pharm Des,2013,19(14):2574-2593.
[23]Sohn KJ,Croxford R,Yates Z,et al.Effect of the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase C677T polymorphism on chemosensitivity of colon and breast cancer cells to 5-fluorouracil and methotrexate[J].J Natl Cancer Inst,2004,96(2):134-144.
[24]Thomas F,Motsinger-Reif AA,Hoskins JM,et al.Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase genetic polymorphisms and toxicity to 5-FU-based chemoradiation in rectal cancer[J].Br J Cancer,2011,105 (11):1654-1662.
[25]Eissa DS,Ahmed TM.C677T and A1298C polymorphisms of the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene:effect on methotrexaterelated toxicity in adult acute lymphoblastic leukaemia[J].Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis,2013,24(2):181-188.
[26]Celtikci B,Lawrance AK,Wu Q,et al.Methotrexate-induced apoptosis is enhanced by altered expression of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase[J].Anticancer Drugs,2009,20(9):787-793.
Research on Association between Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase Polymorphisms and Susceptibility to Cervical Cancer
JIANG Di,ZHANG Hui-jie,ZHANG Shu-lan.
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology,Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University,Shenyang 110004,China
ZHANG Shu-lan,E-mail:zsl0909@sina.com
2014-07-30)
[本文編輯王昕]
國家自然科學基金(81372776),高等學校博士點基金(20122104110014),遼寧省科學技術項目(2011225009),盛京自由者(201302)
110004沈陽,中國醫(yī)科大學附屬盛京醫(yī)院婦產(chǎn)科
張淑蘭,E-mail:zsl0909@sina.com
△審校者