郭琳娟 綜述 洪葵 審校
(南昌大學(xué)第二附屬醫(yī)院心血管內(nèi)科,江西 南昌330006)
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成人先天性心臟病心律失常的診斷和治療進(jìn)展
郭琳娟 綜述 洪葵 審校
(南昌大學(xué)第二附屬醫(yī)院心血管內(nèi)科,江西 南昌330006)
成人先天性心臟病(CHD)幾乎可并發(fā)所有類型的心律失常。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),大約有50%的年輕CHD患者最終會發(fā)展為快速房性心律失常。成人CHD患者中,心房內(nèi)折返性心動過速(IART)是最常見的心律失常[1],室性心律失常是猝死的首要因素,其猝死風(fēng)險是同齡對照組的100倍[2]。成人CHD患者的年齡、缺陷程度和手術(shù)修復(fù)方式不同,導(dǎo)致各種類型的心律失常的流行程度和發(fā)生機制不盡相同。因此,成人CHD心律失?;颊叩脑\斷和治療方案的選擇需因人而異[1]。
1.1 心律檢查
(1)心電圖(ECG):12導(dǎo)聯(lián)ECG檢查是診斷心律失常的基礎(chǔ),主要觀察標(biāo)志性的心房心室異?;顒印?2)動態(tài)ECG:可用于評估常見的臨床癥狀和心律失常。(3)心肺運動試驗:心肺運動試驗在提供心律和心肺功能等指標(biāo)的數(shù)據(jù)上有優(yōu)勢,也可用于評估患者勞累時的癥狀??蔀楦]房結(jié)功能、房室傳導(dǎo)和非持續(xù)性心動過速等提供有效信息,從而了解引起癥狀的原因。(4)心臟起搏裝置和植入式心臟復(fù)律除顫器(ICDs):心臟起搏器和ICDs均可記錄事件的發(fā)生,通過程序設(shè)置還可對心房心室進(jìn)行自動記錄或記錄符合特定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的ECG,還能進(jìn)行長時間自然記錄并提供心臟負(fù)荷信息[3]。(5)電生理檢查:診斷性電生理檢查可為已存在的心律失?;蚴中g(shù)誘發(fā)的心律失常提供特征性結(jié)果(位置、機制和其他標(biāo)志)[4]。電生理檢查還可用于篩查成人CHD心律失常患者,評估無癥狀患者發(fā)生猝死或室性心律失常的風(fēng)險[5]。
1.2 血流動力學(xué)檢查
(1)超聲心動圖:經(jīng)胸超聲心動圖是成人CHD心律失?;颊叩氖走x無創(chuàng)檢查方式,能敏感和精確地評估半月瓣和房室瓣功能、左室大小和功能,但在評估右室大小和功能時卻不夠敏感[1]。若存在人工瓣膜或材料時,可選擇經(jīng)食管超聲心動圖進(jìn)行評估。(2)心臟核磁共振成像(MRI):心臟MRI逐漸成為評估成人CHD心律失常的重要工具。將心臟MRI圖像導(dǎo)入到心律失常標(biāo)測系統(tǒng),可呈現(xiàn)出三維的心內(nèi)膜結(jié)構(gòu),并可對房性或室性心動過速進(jìn)行解剖基礎(chǔ)標(biāo)測和激動標(biāo)測[6]。(3)心導(dǎo)管檢查術(shù)/心血管造影術(shù):在控制條件的情況下,心導(dǎo)管檢查術(shù)可直接對心臟進(jìn)行壓力測定。超過40周歲或伴有其他心臟危險因素的CHD患者,可選擇冠狀動脈血管造影術(shù)來評估室性心律失常[1],這些心臟危險因素包括先天性冠狀動脈異常、冠狀動靜脈瘺、冠狀動脈手術(shù)史或由導(dǎo)管或支架引起的冠狀動脈壓迫。
2.1 藥物治療
成人CHD心律失?;颊哌x擇藥物治療前,應(yīng)先排除并發(fā)竇房結(jié)功能障礙、房室結(jié)傳導(dǎo)受損、室性功能障礙等疾病。
2.1.1 快速房性心律失常
2.1.1.2 長期管理:治療中度或復(fù)雜形式的成人CHD患者的首要目標(biāo)是維持竇性心律(竇律),而對于簡單形式的成人CHD房顫或IART患者的治療,控制心率同樣重要[7]。心力衰竭(心衰)或非心衰的成人CHD患者的臨床隨機試驗中,比較了控制節(jié)律和控制心率之間的差別,發(fā)現(xiàn)二者在減少心臟病相關(guān)的病死率、心衰相關(guān)的住院率、栓塞事件的發(fā)生率和患者生活質(zhì)量上均無統(tǒng)計學(xué)差異[8]。
2.1.2 室性心動過速
2.1.2.1 急性終止:胺碘酮、普魯卡因酰胺和利多卡因靜脈制劑廣泛應(yīng)用于成人CHD患者室性心動過速的急性終止,普魯卡因酰胺能迅速有效地終止單形性室性心動過速的大折返,但使用期間應(yīng)進(jìn)行連續(xù)血壓監(jiān)測。若室性心動過速是部分去極化引起,利多卡因的治療效果最佳;若是由觸發(fā)活動引起,可優(yōu)先考慮靜脈注射腺苷或鈣通道拮抗劑進(jìn)行治療,但在瘢痕相關(guān)性大折返或缺血性室性心動過速存在時,不推薦使用腺苷或鈣通道拮抗劑等靜脈制劑。
2.1.2.2 長期管理:ICDs是二級預(yù)防成人CHD室性心動過速患者發(fā)生猝死的首選治療方案,但I(xiàn)CDs發(fā)生誤放電的比例為27%~41%,反復(fù)放電,尤其是高能量電擊,使患者有明顯不適和疼痛感,多次放電也會縮短ICDs的使用壽命。索他洛爾可有效地減少ICDs的放電頻率,相比于索他洛爾,胺碘酮聯(lián)合β受體阻滯劑能更有效地預(yù)防ICDs電擊,但會增加與藥物相關(guān)的不良心血管事件的發(fā)生風(fēng)險。雷諾嗪可緩解心肌缺血,單獨使用或與Ⅲ類抗心律失常藥物聯(lián)用,可有效地減少難治性室性心動過速患者ICDs電擊的發(fā)生率[14]。
2.2 導(dǎo)管射頻消融術(shù)
對于成人CHD患者,導(dǎo)管射頻消融術(shù)前應(yīng)記錄和分析所有可能發(fā)生的心律失常,并通過超聲心動圖、MRI和/或CT掃描獲得三維心臟解剖結(jié)構(gòu)。
2.2.1 快速房性心律失常
成人CHD患者外科術(shù)后遠(yuǎn)期易并發(fā)快速房性心律失常,最常見的是峽部依賴性(逆時針或順時針)心房撲動或以瘢痕為基礎(chǔ)的大折返,對此類患者,導(dǎo)管射頻消融術(shù)治療效果明顯優(yōu)于長期藥物治療[14]。成人CHD快速房性心律失?;颊叩膶?dǎo)管射頻消融術(shù)成功率為72%~77%,取決于缺陷的復(fù)雜程度[15]。若患者存在異常心房解剖,推薦應(yīng)用三維電解剖標(biāo)測來指導(dǎo)射頻消融治療。靶點消融術(shù)可通過激動順序標(biāo)測、電壓標(biāo)測與拖帶標(biāo)測來選擇治療靶點。冷鹽水灌注大頭導(dǎo)管消融可提高成人CHD外科術(shù)后并發(fā)快速房性心律失常患者的射頻消融成功率[16]。
2.2.2 房顫
成人CHD房顫患者的導(dǎo)管射頻消融術(shù)包括環(huán)肺靜脈隔離、左房碎裂電位消融和峽部切除等。手術(shù)的復(fù)雜性在于合理利用相關(guān)技術(shù)來實時監(jiān)測和/或記錄心臟容積成像[17],使相關(guān)的解剖可視化。
2.2.3 室性心動過速
由于持續(xù)性單形性室性心動過速與猝死的關(guān)系不是很明確,且在急性消融術(shù)后有相對較高的復(fù)發(fā)率,因此,射頻消融術(shù)很少應(yīng)用于室性心動過速患者,或僅在特殊情況下作為ICDs治療的一種輔助替代方案[18]。但心臟解剖結(jié)構(gòu)正常的成人CHD患者頻發(fā)單形性室性心律失常是射頻消融的適應(yīng)證。成人CHD室性心動過速患者的射頻消融方式與房性心動過速消融方式相似,均可利用心內(nèi)起搏標(biāo)測和電激動標(biāo)測來定位消融靶點。成人CHD室性心動過速患者行射頻消融術(shù)的主要挑戰(zhàn)在于消融時必須阻斷心室肌解剖上的折返回路。
2.3 心臟起搏器
2.3.1 竇房結(jié)功能不全
成人CHD并發(fā)竇房結(jié)功能障礙患者最好選擇ECG、動態(tài)ECG、事件記錄器和運動負(fù)荷試驗來進(jìn)行評估[19]。若成人CHD竇房結(jié)功能不全患者出現(xiàn)心動過緩或房室同步異常等相關(guān)臨床癥狀,建議心臟起搏治療,薈萃分析發(fā)現(xiàn)AAI或DDD起搏優(yōu)于單獨的VVI起搏,但運動耐力極差的心功能不全患者不是永久性起搏器的臨床適應(yīng)證[20]。成人CHD竇房結(jié)功能障礙并發(fā)IART或有高度傾向發(fā)展為IART的患者應(yīng)考慮抗心動過速起搏治療,而慢-快綜合征則需要藥物、導(dǎo)管消融和/或起搏等多途徑聯(lián)合治療[19]。
2.3.2 房室傳導(dǎo)功能障礙
對于成人CHD房室傳導(dǎo)阻滯患者,DDD起搏優(yōu)于VVI起搏。成人CHD非永久性IART或有發(fā)展為IART的解剖基礎(chǔ)的患者,即使存在完全性房室傳導(dǎo)阻滯,仍可選擇心房起搏來控制房性心動過速[21]。
2.4 ICDs
ICDs是病因不明的各種類型的成人CHD患者心臟性猝死復(fù)蘇后或自發(fā)性持續(xù)性室性心動過速患者的主要治療方式,也可作為持續(xù)性室性心動過速血流動力學(xué)紊亂引起的不明原因暈厥的成人CHD患者,尤其是有基礎(chǔ)疾病的高風(fēng)險患者的一級預(yù)防[22]。法洛四聯(lián)癥患者若合并左心室功能不全、非持續(xù)性室性心動過速、QRS>180 ms、右心室瘢痕或可誘發(fā)持續(xù)性室性心動過速等猝死危險因素時,植入ICD是合理的[23]。
2.5 手術(shù)治療
成人CHD陣發(fā)性或持續(xù)性房顫或IART患者中,最常見手術(shù)方式是迷宮手術(shù),手術(shù)可同時治療房顫和結(jié)構(gòu)性心臟缺陷。由于成人CHD房顫患者常發(fā)生在左側(cè)心臟結(jié)構(gòu)異常、心功能不全或未進(jìn)行手術(shù)修復(fù)的間隔缺損等基礎(chǔ)疾病的患者中[24],因此可選擇雙心房Cox迷宮Ⅲ型手術(shù),統(tǒng)計發(fā)現(xiàn),手術(shù)成功治療了超過70%的成人CHD房顫患者,手術(shù)的同時還可進(jìn)行二尖瓣修復(fù)、房間隔缺損閉合或冠狀動脈旁路移植術(shù)[25]。房室折返性心動過速經(jīng)導(dǎo)管消融失敗后或同時需要手術(shù)治療器質(zhì)性心臟疾病時可考慮選擇手術(shù)治療。
結(jié)構(gòu)性心律失常的治療具有挑戰(zhàn)性。在原有藥物治療效果有限的基礎(chǔ)上,隨著介入技術(shù)的發(fā)展,射頻消融術(shù)和器械治療拯救和延長了不少CHD心律失?;颊叩纳?。因此,在治療成人CHD患者時,了解結(jié)構(gòu)性心臟病發(fā)生心律失常的機制、各種治療方法的原理和關(guān)鍵技術(shù),結(jié)合臨床檢查結(jié)果仔細(xì)分析病情,選擇合適的治療方式以達(dá)到最有效的治療效果非常重要[26]。
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Advances in Diagnosis and Treatment of Adult Congenital Heart Disease with Arrhythmia
GUO Linjuan, HONG Kui
(CardiologyDepartment,TheSecondAffiliatedHospitalofNanchangUniversity,Nanchang330006,Jiangxi,China)
先天性心臟病(CHD)治療技術(shù)的快速進(jìn)展使得在發(fā)達(dá)國家有超過90%的CHD兒童能存活到成年,導(dǎo)致成人CHD患者數(shù)量遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過兒童CHD患者數(shù)量。心律失?;颊呖杀憩F(xiàn)為從無癥狀到有致命性癥狀,其復(fù)雜性和治療方面的挑戰(zhàn)性,要求臨床醫(yī)生必須對患者進(jìn)行實時監(jiān)測、嚴(yán)格評估、綜合考慮,最后選擇最佳的治療方案?,F(xiàn)根據(jù)最新頒布的相關(guān)專家共識,就成人CHD心律失?;颊叩脑\斷和治療進(jìn)展進(jìn)行闡述。
先天性心臟病;心律失常;診斷;治療
In developed countries,the rapid, aggressive and progressive treatment of congenital heart disease (CHD) enables more than 90% of CHD children to successfully grow into adults. As a result,the number of adult patients with CHD far outnumber that of pediatric CHD patients. Arrhythmia patients may have different manifestations from asymptomatic to fatal symptoms. Due to the complex and challenging of the treatment of arrhythmia, clinicians must monitor, evaluate and comprehensively understand their patients’ needs to help them choose the optimal treatment program. This article reviews primarily about the diagnosis progress and treatment of adult CHD patients with arrhythmia.
congenital heart disease; arrhythmia; diagnose; therapy
1004-3934(2015)06-0752-04
R541.1
A
10.3969/j.issn.1004-3934.2015.06.024
2015-06-01
2015-07-21