Optimization of Field Arrangement of Doublecropping Glutinous Sorghum and Soybean Intercropping Pattern

Xuewei YIN,Xiaochun ZHANG,Peihua WANG,Hong CHEN,Hongmei WANG

Institute of Feature Crops,Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Chongqing 402160,China

Optimization of Field Arrangement of Doublecropping Glutinous Sorghum and Soybean Intercropping Pattern

Xuewei YIN,Xiaochun ZHANG*,Peihua WANG,Hong CHEN,Hongmei WANG

Institute of Feature Crops,Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Chongqing 402160,China

In order to reduce successive cropping obstacles,optimize field arrangement of double-cropping of sorghum and soybean and improve yields,the research used Guojiaohong No.1 and Nandou No.12 as raw materials to explore the effects of different field arrangements on yield and benefits of double-cropping.The results indicated that with the double-cropping,both of gross yield and output value were higher compared with single-cropping treatments;yield,thousand-grain weight,the weight of grain per ear,and ear length of the 1st-season glutinous sorghum decreased as compartment width grew,and of regenerated sorghum and soybean changed from increasing to decreasing.Specifically,with double-cropping system, gross yield of glutinous sorghum reached the highest at 8 352.9 kg/hm2with compartment width of 1.7 m and soybean yield the highest at 1 888.95 kg/hm2with compartment width of 1.8 m.Additionally,gross output value and net incomes achieved the highest at 47 293.92 yuan/hm2and 29 976.42 kg/hm2for the two crops,with compartment width of 1.7 m,followed by the treatment with compartment width of 1.8 m.In general,the treatments with compartment widths of 1.7 and 1.8 m are optimal field arrangement.Additionally,output-to-input ratio was the highest in the treatment with single-cropping glutinous sorghum and the least in the treatment with single-cropping soybeans.

Double-cropping glutinous sorghum;Soybean;Optimization of field arrangement

M ultiple cropping is the traditional cultivation practice fully making use of sunshine,nutrients,water and soils,popular in the southwest of China,covering maize, sorghum,soybean,and potato.It is notable that a rational multiple cropping as per intercropping would improve gross production capacity and crop tolerance to diseases,increasing farmer’s incomes[1-3].Sorghum is a major raw material for China brewing industry and double-cropping glutinous sorghum has increasingly become a highly-efficient production system in southern regions in China with high accumulation temperatures,accompanying by increasing growing area.The planting model of multi-cropping is dominated by potato+sorghum+soybean,significantly enhancing crop tolerance to disease,yields and quality of crops[4-6].Li et al.[7]and Peng et al.[8]believed that intercropping of wild soybean would improve sorghum quality and resistance to disease.Furthermore,optimization of field arrangement coordinates the conflicts of the intercropped crops,formulating effective and highly-functioning compound system.Researches available concentrate on the effects of planting methods[9],width of maize plants[10]and fertilizer[11]on major agronomic characters and yield of soybeans under intercropping of maize and soybean. Zhang et al.[12],Zhu et al.[13]and Chen et al.[14]made comparisons of annual yield,productivity and profit of the treatments with maize and soybean in

Materials and Methods

Test regions

The test was conducted in Western Chongqing Crop Experimental Station,Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences,with an elevation of 325 m,and soil fertility maintains moderate or higher.It is sandy soil and the cultivation model was wheat/sorghum and regenerated sorghum/wheat.

Test design

The test used single-factor randomized block design,with three repetitions,and compartment widths were set at 1.5,1.6,1.7,1.8,1.9 and 2.0 m, with the treatments with singlecropped sorghum and soybean as controls,totaling 8 treatments.Besides,row ratio of sorghum and soybean was 2∶2;two rows of soybeans were grown in sorghum belts,with narrow-row distance of 40 cm;two rows of sorghums were grown in soybean belts,with narrow-row distance of 40 cm;row distance of the treatment with single-cropped sorghum was 60 cm and 60 cm also in the treatment with single-cropped soybean.The test region was 5 m in length and the two belts crops were grown successively in every test region.

The test sorghum was Guojiaohong No.1,double-cropping glutinous sorghum,and test soybean was national approved Nandou No.12. Specifically,sorghum was grown with a density of 90 000 crops/hm2,and soybean was 120 000 crops/hm2.Besides,two seedlings of both crops were grown in every hole.For the 1stseaon glutinous sorghum,40%NPK compound-fertilizers were applied as base fertilizers at 600 kg/hm2,and urea was applied in jointing stage at 150 kg/hm2.As for the regenerated glutinous sorghum,compound fertilizer was applied at 300 kg/hm2,and urea was fertilized at 150 kg/hm2as seedling fertilizers.Soybeans were applied with calcium phosphate at 600 kg/hm2,and potassium chloride applied at 225 kg/hm2.Furthermore, urea was applied at 150 kg/hm2a week before blooming.Additionally, sorghum was transplanted as per seedling transplanting.Specifically, seedlings were cultivated on March 7,transplanted on April 10,and harvested on July 19,and the stalk was cut from the location 1-2 internodes to ground on July 20.Soybean seeds were sown on June 22.Other management was the same as local methods.

Measurement items and methods

In harvesting periods of the 1stseason and regenerated glutinous sorghums,plants from three holes,totaling 6 plants,which grew well,were selected to explore plant height,ear length,grain weight per ear,and thousand-grain weight.For soybean,the crops in three holes were also chosen during harvesting period to explore plant height,the height of pod,the number of productive branch,the number of grain per plant,and hundred-grain weight,as well as practical yield,investments and output-to-input ratio.The test data were processed with DPS 7.05 and Excel 2003.

Results and Analysis

Effects of different treatments on major agronomic traits and yields of sorghum

As shown in Table 1,with different field arrangements,plant height of sorghum kept higher in the treatment with single-cropped sorghum and treatments showed insignificant differences.Furthermore,ear length,thousand-grain weight,the weight of grain per ear,and yield all maintained the highest compared with double-cropping treatments.It can be concluded that plant height,ear length,thousandgrain weight,the weight of grain per ear,and yield of the 1st-season sorghum reached the highest,whichincreased by 11.82%,5.87%,5.13%, 0.93%and 8.82%compared with regenerated sorghum in an average way.On basis of the treatments with different compartment widths,plant height of the 1st-season sorghum was growing upon compartment width,and maximum height achieved 247.4 cm; ear length,thousand-grain weight,the weight of grain per ear,and yield achieved the highest at 36.65 cm, 15.84 g,52.28 g,and 4 466.7 kg/hm2, respectively,and the lowest with compartment width of 2 m.In terms of regenerated glutinous sorghum,plant height kept increasing upon the width, and ear length,thousand-grain weight, the weight of grain per ear and yield changed from increasing to decreasing;ear length reached the maximum of 31.93 cm with compartment width of 1.9 m;thousand-grain weight reached the highest of 15.12 g,with compartment width of 1.8 m;the weight of grain per ear and yield achieved the highest of 51.95 g and 4 117.65 kg/hm2with compartment width of 1.7 m.Gross yield of single-cropping glutinous sorghum was the highest of 9 350.1 kg/hm2,followed by the treatments with compartment widths of 1.7, 1.8,1.6,1.5,1.9 and 2 m,accordingly.Effects of treatments on major a-gronomic traits and yields of soybeans

Table 1Major agronomic traits and yields of sorghum

As shown in Table 2,plant height, the number of effective branch,the number of effective pod per plant,the number of bean per plant,and yields in the treatment with single-cropping proved significantly higher compared with the treatment with double-cropping,at 74 cm,5.8,68.8,125.4,and 2 200.05 kg/hm2;the height of pod was the highest with compartment width of 2.0 m at 20.8 cm;hundred-grain weight reached the peak at 19.2 g, with compartment width of 1.7 m.On basis of the treatments with varied compartment widths of multiple-cropping,it can be concluded that both of plant height and pod height were growing upon compartment width. Specifically,plant height and pod height kept the lowest with compartment width of 1.5 m,at 61.7 and 17.6 cm and the highest at 74 and 19.8 cm, with compartment width of 2 m.On the other hand,the number of effective branch,the number of pod per plant, the number of bean per plant,hundred-bean weight,and yield changed from increasing to decreasing as compartment width grew.Specifically, the number of effective branch reached the highest in the treatments with compartment widths of 1.7 and 1.8 m,and the lowest with compartment width of 1.5 m,with insignificant differences among treatments;the number of effective pod per plant was the highest with compartment width of 1.6 m at 62.4 and the lowest with compartment width of 1.9 m,at 55.6, with extremely significant differences among treatments;the number of bean per plant was maximal with compartment width of 1.7 m at 106.9, and the lowest with compartment width of 1.5 m,at 94.8,with insignificant differences among treatments;hundredbean weight was the highest at 19.2 g with compartment width of 1.7 m and the lowest at 17.6,with compartment width of 1.5 m,with insignificant differences;the soybean yield achieved the peak at 1 882.35 kg/hm2with compartment width of 1.8 m and the lowest at 1 399.95 kg/hm2,with compartment width of 1.5 m.

Analysis of yield and economic benefits of treatments

Economic benefits are an important index for evaluating a planting mode.As shown in Table 3,gross output s of double-cropping of sorghum and soybean performed higher compared with the treatments with singlecropping of sorghum or soybean;bothof gross output value and net income reached the highest at 47 293.92 and 29 976 342 kg/hm2with compartment width of 1.7 m,increasing by 6 154.14 and 3 768.64 kg/hm2compared with the treatment with single-cropping sorghum and increasing by 34 973.64 and 22 928.6 kg/hm2,compared with the treatment with single-cropping soybeans,followed by the treatment with compartment width of 1.8 m.According to cost input analysis,gross investment of intercropping of sorghum and soybean was higher compared with the treatment with single-cropping treatment,as well as investments of labor and fertilizers,but the cost of pesticide and mulch were lower.Besides,output-to-input ratio was in the range of 2.34-2.76,and achieved the highest in the treatment with singlecropping sorghum,followed by the treatment with double-cropping of sorghum and soybean,with compartment width of 1.7 m,and the lowest in the treatment with single-cropping soybean.

Table 2Major agronomic traits and yields of soybeans

Table 3Analysis of yield and economic benefits of treatments

Discussions

The yield of double-cropping glutinous sorghum reached the highest in the treatment with single-cropping system.By double-cropping, however,plant height grew upon compartment width,but yield,thousand-grain weight,the weight of grain per ear,and ear length all declined, which is no consistent with the research made by Zhao et al.[15],possibly because the increased yield by marginal effect due to wide row of sorghum can not compensate the yield loss caused by decreased sowing area.Furthermore,yield,thousandgrain weight,the weight of grain per ear,plant height and ear length changed from increasing to decreasing of regenerated glutinous sorghum, because soybeans would provide shades for regenerated sorghum.As compartment width grew,the shading effects kept decreasing,and yield declined accordingly.However,when compartment width exceeded 1.7,the conflict among regenerated sorghum dominated,reducing yield.On the other hand,yield,the number of grain per ear,and hundred-grain weight of soybean changed from increasing to decreasing,possibly because the shading effects on soybean by the 1st-season sorghum declined,with increases of compartment width,increasing soybean yield.When compartment width was at 1.8 m,soybean yield achieved the peak,and soybean hole distance decreased,and conflict among the same crop aggravated,as compartment width grew,resulting in yield reduction,which disagree with the research of Zhang et al.[12],because the shading effects of maize performed better compared with sorghum,requiring larger compartment width.

With double-cropping of sorghum and soybean,gross yield,output value and investment are all higher compared with single-cropping,due to double crops.With consideration of net incomes,it can be concluded that net incomes of the treatments with compartment widths of 1.5 and 2 m were lower compared with the treatment with single-cropping,might caused by irrational compartment width which preventing productivity of double-cropping.In production,only when the relationship of two species and the relationship of the same species are well considered could guarantee high yield and effects of crops.What’s more,it can be concluded from cost input analysis that double-cropping would effectively reduce disease of glutinous sorghum and soybeans,as well as labor cost concerning spraying pesticides,which is in consistent with the research conducted by Peng et al.[8].

In double-cropping fields of glutinous sorghum,interannual variations of regenerated glutinous sorghum tended to be volatile,mainly under influence of temperature and rainfall.Because the accumulated temperature of regenerated sorghum is not enough, yields kept lower,and even crop failure.The research investigated doublecropping of glutinous sorghum and soybean,which improves sustainable production capacity of sorghum and soybeans by changing growing belts, cropping system,reducing successive cropping obstacles,and enhancing disease tolerance,and increases the interannual stability of yields by augmenting planting of soybeans.The model enjoys a promising prospect in double-cropping sorghum fields in the south.

Conclusions

The research indicated that with double-cropping of glutinous sorghum and soybean,yield of one of the crops reduced,but the gross yield was higher compared with individual crop. Specifically,with double-cropping system,gross yield of glutinous sorghum reached the highest at 8 352.9 kg/hm2with compartment width of 1.7 m and soybean yield the highest at 1 888.95 kg/hm2with compartment width of 1.8 m.Additionally,gross output value and net incomes achieved the highest at 47 293.92 yuan/hm2and 29 976.42 kg/hm2for the two crops,with compartment width of 1.7 m,followed by the treatment with compartment width of 1.8 m.In general,the treatments with compartment widths of 1.7 and 1.8 m are optimal field arrangement. Nevertheless,soil fertility,species characters,density,and fertilizers should be all considered in production promotion of sorghum fields.

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Responsible editor:Xiaoxue WANG

Responsible proofreader:Xiaoyan WU

雙季糯高粱間作大豆田間配置方式優(yōu)化

尹學(xué)偉,張曉春*，王培華，陳紅，王紅梅（重慶市農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院特色作物研究，重慶402160）

為了減輕雙季糯高粱連作障礙，優(yōu)化雙季糯高粱、大豆田間配置結(jié)構(gòu)，提高兩季作物產(chǎn)量效益，以常規(guī)雙季糯高粱‘國窖紅1號’、‘南豆12’為試驗材料，研究不同田間配置方式對糯高粱、大豆復(fù)合種植、凈作模式下產(chǎn)量、效益的影響。結(jié)果表明:復(fù)種模式下作物總產(chǎn)量、總產(chǎn)值均高于雙季糯高粱、大豆凈作模式，頭季糯高粱產(chǎn)量、千粒重、穗粒重和穗長隨廂寬的增加而降低，再生季糯高粱、大豆表現(xiàn)為先增后減的趨勢;雙季糯高粱總產(chǎn)量最高的為1.7 m開廂處理，達835.29 kg/hm2，大豆產(chǎn)量最高為1.8 m開廂處理，達1 888.95 kg/hm2，兩作物總產(chǎn)值、凈收益以1.7 m開廂處理最高，分別為47 293.92、2 997.642 kg/hm2，其次為1.8 m開廂處理，以上兩處理為最優(yōu)田間配置方式。產(chǎn)投比以凈作雙季糯高粱最大，凈作大豆最低

雙季糯高粱；大豆；田間配置優(yōu)化different compartment widths(1.2-2 m)and row ratio(1∶2,2∶2 and 2∶4)and the results indicated that yields tended to be volatile upon compartment width and row ratio,and field arrangement is key for high yields of maize and soybean.Specifically,the research conducted by Sichuan Agricultural University is the most profound,formulating intercropping model of maize and soybean,as well as related technology system.Nevertheless,the whole growth term of double-cropping glutinous sorghum in the south(March-November)is three to four months longer compared with traditional cultivation way of maize or sorghum,because the intergrowth environment differs dramatically in terms of sunlight,temperature and water.Currently,much more attention is paid to double-cropping of maize and soybean, and less paid to multiple cropping of double-cropping glutinous sorghum and soybean.Hence,the research explored the effects of field arrangements of double-cropping glutinous sorghum and soybean in order to mitigate the conflicts between the two crops,formulating the width optimization technology of involved crops,enriching the multiple cropping models in the south and providing scientific references for productions at large scales.

重慶市科技攻關(guān)計劃項目“再生釀酒高粱新品種培育與關(guān)鍵技術(shù)集成示范”（CSTC2012ggB80055）；重慶市應(yīng)用開發(fā)類項目“丘陵旱地效益型復(fù)合種植模式集成與示范”（CSTC2013yykfA-80021）；基本科研業(yè)務(wù)科研費“雙季糯高粱間作大豆與氮效應(yīng)研究”（2013cstc-jbky-00510）。

尹學(xué)偉（1985-），男，河南平輿人，助理研究員，碩士，主要從事作物育種與耕作技術(shù)研究，E-mail：44611876@qq.com。*通訊作者，張曉春（1967-），男，重慶人，研究員，碩士，E-mail：1546688922@qq.com。

2015-04-03

修回日期 2015-05-16

Supported by Chongqing Key Technologies R&D Program(CSTC2012ggB80055); Chongqing Application and Development Program(CSTC2013yykfA80021); Fundamental Research Funds(2013cstc-jbky-00510).

*Corresponding author.E-mail:1546688922@qq.com

Received:April 3,2015 Accepted:May 16,2015