張文中
(湖北省房縣一中,湖北 十堰 442000)
英語閱讀理解中的生詞詞義猜測方法
張文中
(湖北省房縣一中,湖北十堰442000)
閱讀是英語教學(xué)和考試中的一個重要部分,也是英語能力的一種體現(xiàn),有人說:英語高考中“得閱讀者得天下”。但在考試中,英語閱讀因復(fù)雜的語法、大量的生僻詞匯而讓英語閱讀變得很難。猜詞技巧也是一種很重要的應(yīng)試技巧。在諸多的英語測試中,幾乎都包含有判斷生詞或關(guān)鍵詞詞義的題目。閱讀中的詞匯障礙主要來自兩個方面:一是生詞;二是舊詞新義。如何在英語閱讀中快速猜測生僻詞匯的意思是中學(xué)英語閱讀教學(xué)的重要內(nèi)容之一。下面根據(jù)我自己的教學(xué)體會談?wù)勅绾卧谟⒄Z閱讀中猜詞義。
英語閱讀;生詞詞義
語言是傳情達(dá)意的一種工具,無論是一段文章或一篇文章,都有它自己的完整性,它都會明確地表達(dá)某種意義。我們可以根據(jù)自己的語言感悟能力和理解能力把握整篇文章的意思,根據(jù)語篇及語境來猜測某個單詞的意思,這就需要有較強(qiáng)的語言感悟能力和豐富的思想內(nèi)涵及文化底蘊(yùn)。
例如:The moneylender told them that he would put a black pebble and a white pebble into an empty bag. The girl would then have to pick one pebble from the bag. If she picked the black pebble, she would become the moneylender’s wife and he would forgo her father’s debt. If she picked the white pebble, she need not marry him and her father’s debt would still be forgiven. But if she refused to pick a pebble, her father would be thrown into jail.
The underlined word “forgo” in paragraph 2 may mean ___________.
A. pay offB. run outC. take overD.give up
此段文字的意思是:高利貸商人告訴可憐的倫敦商人和少女,他會把一顆白色和一顆黑色鵝卵石放進(jìn)一個空的錢袋里,然后讓少女挑選其中一顆。如果她選中的是黑色鵝卵石,那么她將嫁給高利貸商人,她父親的債務(wù)也會被取消。如果她選中的是白色鵝卵石,那么她可以繼續(xù)留在父親身邊,而債務(wù)也將被取消。但是,如果她拒絕挑選鵝卵石,那么她父親會被送進(jìn)監(jiān)獄。根據(jù)整段文字的意思知道如果女孩抓到黑色卵石,她將成為高利貸商人的妻子,他也將放棄、取消她父親的債務(wù) ,因此答案為D。
句子中有些詞在其前或其后的文字中就有該詞的定義或解釋,學(xué)生們可通過對其定義或解釋的理解來推測出它的詞義。定義、解釋多樣,常用refer to, that is (to say), in other words, namely,yet, however, while, unlike等詞語來提示下文將對前面的信息加以重復(fù)或解釋。
[例1]He was a prestidigitator who entertained the children by pulling rabbits out of hats,swallowing fire,and other similar tricks.
此句中,who引導(dǎo)的定語從句對生詞“prestidigitator”的詞義給出了非常清楚的定義。根據(jù)這一定義,讀者就不難猜測出prestidigitator的詞義。能從帽子里拉出兔子、吞火和玩其他類似的把戲的人不就是變戲法的人嗎?因此,“prestidigitator”一詞的詞義就應(yīng)是“變戲法者”。
[例2]Pantomime refers to a short play in which no words are spoken.
[例3]Written language tends to be static, while spoken language constantly changes.
由句中的while可以看出to be static與changes形成對比,從而猜出static意為“穩(wěn)定的”。
[例4]In the past the world seemed to run in an orderly way。Now,however,everything seems to be in a state of turmoil.
此句中,以信號詞however為線索,可以看出作者把現(xiàn)在的事情與過去相比。過去是“in an orderly way”,而現(xiàn)在是“in a state of turmoil”,過去是秩序井然,那么現(xiàn)在則相反,那就是一片混亂。
英語單詞的構(gòu)詞法以派生和合成為主,了解構(gòu)詞法并記住一些派生詞詞綴,可以擴(kuò)充詞匯量,也可以猜測生詞詞義。
[例1]He had been overworking and fell ill at last.
overwork是由前綴over-加動詞構(gòu)成,over有“超過、過于”之意,overwork意思是“工作過多,勞累過度”。
[例2]The country is trying to popularize education. (-ize為及物動詞的標(biāo)志,再如realize, modernize)
[例3]However, most of our ideas about the future are nearly very short-sighted. Perhaps we can see some possibilities for the next fifty years.
根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法,short-sighted是short與sight合成以后再加上后綴-ed派生的詞,possibility是possible的同根詞,再結(jié)合文中語境,我們就知道它們的含義分別是“缺乏遠(yuǎn)見的”和“可能性”。
[例4]This mismatch between collecting social information and using it shows that personality plays a key role in social learning in animals
mismatch 為“搭配錯誤,不匹配”
[例5]From January, the network will aim to make suggestions to politicians on how government can do more to get children muddy and bright-eyed.
The underlined part means “_______ ”.
A. to make children covered with mud
B. to urge politicians to do more things for children
C.to encourage children to take part in outdoors activities
D. to help children identify common species
前文說如何讓現(xiàn)在的孩子保持健康,此處為網(wǎng)絡(luò)想向政府做一些建議,根據(jù)muddy和bright-eyed的構(gòu)詞法應(yīng)該猜到答案為C.
作者有時利用標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號,如括號、冒號、破折號等為一些生詞直接提供定義或解釋,這些符號無疑為讀者理解或猜測生詞詞義提供了很好的線索。
[例1]Tornadoes (violent and destructive whirl wind)normally occur on hot, humid (a little wet)day, but not necessarily in the summer.
此句中,“tornado”和“humid”兩詞的詞義都在括弧里被清楚地表述出來?!皌ornado”即一種非常劇烈的、破壞性很大的旋轉(zhuǎn)的風(fēng)。很明顯,這是“旋風(fēng),颶風(fēng)”;humid即有點(diǎn)濕,其詞義很清楚是“潮濕的”意思。在這種情況下,利用括號作為猜詞線索,在一瞬間就能猜出其詞義來,閱讀可繼續(xù)進(jìn)行,不會因生詞而影響閱讀速度。
在理清生詞前后文意的基礎(chǔ)上,分析上下文的邏輯關(guān)系,是遞進(jìn)、轉(zhuǎn)折還是并列,可猜出生詞的詞義。
[例 1]That family not only restored the important documents to us that day but also restored our faith and trust in people. We still remember their kindness and often send a warm wish their way.
.What does the underlined word “restored” in the last paragraph mean?
A. ShowedB. Sent outC. DeliveredD. Gave back
根據(jù)后文My husband rushed to their home to find a kind family holding all his papers and documents可知那家人把撿到的文件替作者的丈夫保存著,然后親自送還給他,由此判斷“歸還”更符合語境,故答案選D。
[例 2]One mistaken idea about business is that it can be treated as a game of perfect information. Quite the reverse. Business,politics, life itself are games which we must normally play with very imperfect information.
只要看清此短語前后兩句話意思相反,就能容易地看出quite the reverse意為“完全相反”。
以上介紹了幾種猜測詞義的方法,相信對同學(xué)們積累詞匯、理解文章意思會有所幫助。英語學(xué)習(xí)應(yīng)日積月累,并時刻做有心人,發(fā)現(xiàn)規(guī)律,尋找技巧,提高英語水平。
H0
A