扈杰杰, 欒 杰
異體脫細(xì)胞真皮在假體乳房再造中的應(yīng)用
扈杰杰, 欒 杰
異體脫細(xì)胞真皮; 乳房再造; 乳房整形
1995年,異體脫細(xì)胞真皮作為一個(gè)輔助材料出現(xiàn)在乳房整形手術(shù)中。2010年,美國(guó)一區(qū)域性研究顯示,約75%的整形外科醫(yī)師,將異體脫細(xì)胞真皮應(yīng)用在乳房再造中[1]。Alloderm是最早應(yīng)用于乳房整形手術(shù)中的脫細(xì)胞真皮基質(zhì),為目前其他脫細(xì)胞真皮基質(zhì)的應(yīng)用,鋪平了道路。筆者回顧了Alloderm在應(yīng)用假體的乳房再造手術(shù)中的應(yīng)用,并將討論Alloderm相關(guān)的益處及并發(fā)癥,且著重強(qiáng)調(diào)可能會(huì)優(yōu)化術(shù)后效果的技巧。
1.1 Alloderm再生的組織基質(zhì) Alloderm是一種源自捐贈(zèng)尸體真皮的脫細(xì)胞真皮基質(zhì)。這種人類的真皮,通過專利的無菌技術(shù)雖然去除了細(xì)胞和致敏的表位,但保留了ECM原有關(guān)鍵的生化和結(jié)構(gòu)組件。Alloderm中保留的ECM成分,包括膠原支架、生長(zhǎng)因子受體和血管通路。Alloderm的脫細(xì)胞本性,在使感染及宿主的排斥反應(yīng)降到最低的同時(shí),其保留成分可使宿主細(xì)胞移行和血管化(SA Livesey, 1995)。Alloderm的這些特性共同促進(jìn)了組織再生[2]。另外,Alloderm的柔韌性和堅(jiān)韌性,使其便于操作和拉伸,且不易撕裂(JM Choe, 2001)。Alloderm的這些生物學(xué)和生化特性,使其成為應(yīng)用于乳房整形手術(shù)中的極佳材料。
2.1 基本機(jī)制 乳房切除術(shù)后,應(yīng)用組織擴(kuò)張器和假體的乳房再造,被廣泛地應(yīng)用(SA Livesey, 1995)。歷史上,應(yīng)用擴(kuò)張器/假體的乳房再造,是通過完整的肌肉覆蓋來完成的。在這項(xiàng)技術(shù)中,擴(kuò)張器/假體被放置于胸大肌后,并被胸大肌完整的覆蓋。當(dāng)整個(gè)胸大肌不能覆蓋假體尤其是下極時(shí),就會(huì)應(yīng)用前鋸肌和/或腹直肌,以增加下極的覆蓋。盡管完整的肌肉覆蓋,減少了皮膚萎縮所導(dǎo)致的假體暴露的發(fā)生,但也限制了下極的擴(kuò)張,降低了對(duì)乳房切除后殘余皮瓣的充分利用。因?yàn)榧∪庀虑幌兑绕は虑幌缎?,即刻擴(kuò)張不能最大化。另外,使用前鋸肌也會(huì)導(dǎo)致供區(qū)的畸形[3-4]。雙平面技術(shù)的產(chǎn)生解決了完整的肌肉覆蓋技術(shù)的局限性[5-6]。雙平面技術(shù)中,假體/擴(kuò)張器表面只有部分的肌肉覆蓋,其上面是胸大肌,下側(cè)僅是乳房的皮膚。盡管雙平面技術(shù)減少了供區(qū)的畸形并可充分地?cái)U(kuò)張下極,但因?yàn)槿榉康南聵O僅由很薄的皮膚覆蓋,這就增加了假體移位、可見、可觸及、暴露及乳房突出度差、下垂、下皺襞的確定不準(zhǔn)確的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
為了降低完整的肌肉覆蓋和雙平面技術(shù)的并發(fā)癥,Alloderm作為一個(gè)可選擇的乳房下極的軟組織覆蓋物被引進(jìn)[3,6-8]。通過將Alloderm的上邊與離斷的胸大肌縫合,下邊與胸壁縫合,假體/擴(kuò)張器便具有完整的組織覆蓋。
2.2 優(yōu)點(diǎn) 在擴(kuò)張器/假體的乳房再造中應(yīng)用Alloderm,具有很多的益處[4,9-12]。Alloderm能夠?yàn)榧袤w提供完整的覆蓋,減少假體暴露。通過將胸大肌固定到胸壁,Alloderm增加了肌肉下的體積,并增加了術(shù)中的擴(kuò)張器注水量,使乳房切除術(shù)的皮膚量最大化。同樣,這也有益于為乳房再造保留乳房切除的皮膚,并能提高整體的美學(xué)效果。更大的胸大肌下體積,同樣可使直接應(yīng)用假體行乳房再造變?yōu)榭赡躘3,7-8,13-15]。而且,固定在乳房下極的Alloderm,可以幫助更好地確定下皺襞和外側(cè)的乳房皺襞,為乳房位置提供更好地支撐,有益于下極的突出,使乳房下垂更自然。
2.3 短期并發(fā)癥 大多數(shù)的研究報(bào)道,應(yīng)用Alloderm乳房再造短期并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生率為0~23%[7-8,11,15-19]。但最近的研究報(bào)道了較高的并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率為20%~49%[20-23]。有學(xué)者通過Meta分析,應(yīng)用Alloderm 的短期(超過13.7個(gè)月)并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生率為12%(共789例再造患者)[24]。最常見的并發(fā)癥分別是皮瓣壞死(3.3%)、血清腫(3.3%)和感染(5.6%)。一篇對(duì)自2005-2009年(包括13~130個(gè)乳房再造)已發(fā)表的14篇關(guān)于Alloderm的研究進(jìn)行了系統(tǒng)的回顧,報(bào)道了如下的短期并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率:感染 (0~11%), 血腫(0~6.7%), 血清腫 (0~9%),部分皮瓣壞死(0~25%), 因假體暴露取出 (0~14%),因假體暴露修復(fù)(0~4%), 假體皺褶(0~6%)[25]。關(guān)于應(yīng)用Alloderm已報(bào)道的短期并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率的差異,很可能與技術(shù)本身有關(guān)。在應(yīng)用Alloderm時(shí),注意特定的技術(shù)細(xì)節(jié)是非常重要的,當(dāng)考慮到這些技術(shù)細(xì)節(jié)后,并發(fā)癥的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)就會(huì)降到最低。
2.4 遠(yuǎn)期并發(fā)癥-包膜攣縮 假體周圍的包膜形成是人體對(duì)異物的自然炎癥反應(yīng),也是愈合過程的一部分。包膜最初的作用是保持假體在乳房腔隙內(nèi),但是隨著時(shí)間的延長(zhǎng),它可能逐漸變硬并攣縮。這將導(dǎo)致不適、疼痛、假體變形和假體轉(zhuǎn)位(SL Spear,1995)。包膜攣縮的確切病因尚不清楚,但是細(xì)胞水平的炎癥被認(rèn)為會(huì)導(dǎo)致病理學(xué)的包膜攣縮,而亞臨床的感染被認(rèn)為是炎癥的原因[26-27]。對(duì)于整形外科醫(yī)師來說,包膜攣縮仍然是一個(gè)無有效的預(yù)防或治療措施的棘手問題。假體包膜攣縮也是置入乳房假體的女性接受再次手術(shù)的主要原因。在Mentor和Allegan中心的臨床研究中,18%~35%隆乳術(shù)和14%~16%應(yīng)用假體的乳房再造術(shù)患者,在術(shù)后超過6年的隨訪中,再次手術(shù)的原因都是包膜攣縮[28-29]。在已報(bào)道的一系列的Alloderm輔助的乳房再造中,在平均短于2年的隨訪中,包膜攣縮的發(fā)生率為0~2%[7-8,11-12,30]。相比之下,在無Alloderm的再造中,在超過3~6年的隨訪中,包膜攣縮的發(fā)生率為10%~20%[28-29,31-32]。雖然在應(yīng)用Alloderm的研究中,隨訪時(shí)間不像無Alloderm隨訪時(shí)間那么長(zhǎng),且包膜攣縮的發(fā)生,可能會(huì)隨時(shí)間增長(zhǎng)而逐漸增加[33]。但最近的一個(gè)評(píng)估Alloderm輔助的乳房再造遠(yuǎn)期效果的研究中,在超過8年的隨訪后,也報(bào)道了較低的包膜攣縮發(fā)生率為0.4%(2/466)[14]。
假設(shè)Alloderm可以通過抑制宿主的炎癥反應(yīng)來降低包膜攣縮的發(fā)生率。組織病理學(xué)分析顯示,相對(duì)于自然的包膜,融入乳房的Alloderm中慢性炎癥改變、包膜纖維化、成纖維細(xì)胞和外來物的巨細(xì)胞炎癥反應(yīng)都減輕了[34]。在Alloderm的處理過程中,移除了細(xì)胞和致敏表位,這可能會(huì)解釋融入Alloderm的包膜宿主炎癥反應(yīng)減輕的現(xiàn)象。通過減輕宿主的炎癥反應(yīng),Alloderm可能會(huì)減少包膜的形成。動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)表明,假體表面覆蓋Alloderm,可以減輕包膜的形成[35]。因?yàn)榘ず穸扰cBaker分級(jí)直接相關(guān)(L Prantl, 2007年),Alloderm的存在減輕了包膜形成,這可解釋在應(yīng)用Alloderm的乳房再造中,包膜攣縮發(fā)生率降低的現(xiàn)象。
2.5 放射線的耐受性 乳房再造的放療是乳腺癌術(shù)前或術(shù)后治療中的一部分。需要輔助放療且應(yīng)用假體的乳房再造,其術(shù)后效果基本上都很差。放療后包括包膜攣縮、假體損耗、傷口不愈合和感染等并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生率更高(E Vandeweyer, 2000年)。需要輔助放療的患者,在應(yīng)用Alloderm時(shí)會(huì)產(chǎn)生如下兩個(gè)問題:在這種情景下,Alloderm是否仍舊可行?Alloderm是否能保護(hù)假體,避免放療的損傷?
臨床和動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)均顯示,Alloderm可以耐受放療的影響,并且在放療的情況下應(yīng)用Alloderm是可行的。接受和未接受輔助放療患者的Alloderm穿刺檢查結(jié)果顯示:Alloderm的膠原結(jié)構(gòu)無顯著性差異[16]。 Nahabedian等發(fā)現(xiàn),在術(shù)前或術(shù)后接受化療的患者中,Alloderm完全地融入了乳房切除后的皮瓣,這也顯示放療并未影響這些組織基質(zhì)的血管再生和細(xì)胞再生[18]。相同的動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)顯示,在術(shù)前放療的區(qū)域置入Alloderm或在置入Alloderm后放療,均不會(huì)影響Alloderm (MG Dubin和HZ Ibrahim, 2000年)。
與未應(yīng)用Alloderm乳房再造研究相似,一些應(yīng)用Alloderm的乳房再造研究顯示,由于放療,術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率增加了[16,22,35]。在接受放療并應(yīng)用Alloderm的乳房再造中,感染、切口延遲愈合、血清腫和假體取出等并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生率更高。這表明,Alloderm并不能保護(hù)假體免受放療的影響,但是,這并不表明會(huì)增加放療所導(dǎo)致的并發(fā)癥以外的其他并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生率[18]。
2.6 影響效果的患者特征 許多患者的特征與即刻假體/擴(kuò)張器再造術(shù)后較高并發(fā)癥的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)相關(guān)。這些特征包括體重指數(shù) (BMI>30 kg/m2)、巨乳 (乳房大于C罩杯或者乳房腫塊>600 g)、年齡(>65歲)、高血壓及吸煙[21-22,36-37]。
Alloderm應(yīng)該以與硅凝膠假體同樣的方式操作,這樣才會(huì)盡可能地做到無菌,并使可能發(fā)生感染的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)降到最低。只有外科醫(yī)師可以觸摸到再造中所有應(yīng)用的可置入材料。為了進(jìn)一步地減少感染,假體和Alloderm都應(yīng)浸入50 000 U桿菌肽+1 g頭孢唑林+80 mg慶大霉素+500 ml生理鹽水的抗生素溶液中[38]。在浸入抗生素溶液前,Alloderm應(yīng)置于生理鹽水中浸泡5 min。短時(shí)間的浸泡后,將Alloderm放入三聯(lián)的抗生素溶液中,并浸泡至完全的再水化。未能完全再水化的Alloderm,可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致不良的效果。就像其他應(yīng)用假體的再造一樣,我們需盡量減少Alloderm在手術(shù)室內(nèi)的運(yùn)輸。用三聯(lián)的抗生素溶液沖洗所有的手術(shù)創(chuàng)面,再置入新的腔隙之前,假體和Alloderm也應(yīng)浸泡于相同的抗生素溶液中。盡可能少地觸摸它們,以減少可能的感染發(fā)生。
應(yīng)用Alloderm時(shí),引流及引流管的合理放置,對(duì)于降低假體周圍或Alloderm與皮瓣之間血清腫的發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是非常重要的。因此,有學(xué)者通常推薦2根引流管:一根放置在假體/擴(kuò)張器與Alloderm之間,另一根放置在皮瓣和Alloderm之間[39]。引流應(yīng)該保留至24 h內(nèi),引流量少于30 ml。
Alloderm的使用可以獲得更大的術(shù)中擴(kuò)張。然而,過度擴(kuò)張可能會(huì)增加皮瓣壞死的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),反之?dāng)U張不足可能會(huì)增加血清腫發(fā)生的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。因此,當(dāng)不給予皮瓣過度壓力并盡可能減少擴(kuò)張器和皮瓣間的死腔時(shí),才可以充分利用術(shù)中擴(kuò)張。最佳的術(shù)中擴(kuò)張,可以減少血清腫和皮瓣壞死的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
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310022 浙江 杭州,浙江省腫瘤醫(yī)院 乳腺外科(扈杰杰); 中國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院整形外科醫(yī)院 乳房美容中心(欒 杰)
扈杰杰(1986-),女,山東濰坊人,住院醫(yī)師,博士.
10.3969/j.issn.1673-7040.2015.04.010
2014-11-12)