• <tr id="yyy80"></tr>
  • <sup id="yyy80"></sup>
  • <tfoot id="yyy80"><noscript id="yyy80"></noscript></tfoot>
  • 99热精品在线国产_美女午夜性视频免费_国产精品国产高清国产av_av欧美777_自拍偷自拍亚洲精品老妇_亚洲熟女精品中文字幕_www日本黄色视频网_国产精品野战在线观看 ?

    Relations between China and CEE Countries: Development, Challenges and Recommendations

    2014-12-11 08:29:44
    China International Studies 2014年5期

    In China’s diplomacy, the term “Central and Eastern European countries” (CEE countries) refers to a geographic area.It also contains multi-dimensional political concepts of ideology and geopolitics.During the Cold-War era, CEE countries included all socialist countries in Europe other than the Soviet Union.By the time when the Soviet Union collapsed and great political changes took place in CEE countries, the term “CEE countries” gradually resumed its original geographic connotation.As China and CEE countries established their cooperation mechanism, the vague concept of CEE countries has become clearly defined: CEE countries include all 16 countries covering the region east of Germany and Austria, north of Greece, south of the Baltic and west of Russia and the CIS European members.They are five Central European countries of Poland, Hungary, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Slovenia, three Baltic countries of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania,and eight Eastern and Southeast European country of Romania,Bulgaria, Serbia, Montenegro, Croatia, Macedonia, Bosnia and Albania.These countries are notably diversified in economic and social situation, religion, culture as well as their foreign policies.However, they also have certain similarities: they used to be members in the socialist camp; they have gone through difficult but uncompleted systemic transformation; and they are all developing countries.These features serve as the cornerstone for China and CEE countries to set up a mechanism for their cooperation.The development of China’s relations with CEE countries constitutes an important part in China’s diplomatic strategy in the new era.

    The Development of Relations Between China and CEE Countries in the post-Cold War Era

    The transitional period featuring alienated relationship between China and CEE countries

    With the end of the Cold War and the collapse of the Soviet Union, CEE countries experienced a stormy transformation in their political and social system.During this period, they prioritized the policy of “turning back to Europe” in both domestic reform and foreign policy performance.They worked hard to get free from security vacuum and to adopt the Western economic and social development model with the accession to NATO and the EU as the major concern.At the same time, CEE countries’ relations with China were relegated to a less important status, and the bilateral relations were alienated and estranged as a result of non-existence of common ideology and political system between the two sides.For instance, CEE countries stressed their difference with China in political system and kept distance with China, and they energetically followed suite of the Western standards of democracy and human rights, and pointed their fingers at China on issues of Taiwan, Tibet, etc.

    During this period, China, in spite of differences with CEE countries in ideology and values, respected choices made by CEE countries for their development path and understood adjustments made by them in their foreign policies.Through unremitting efforts of China, the bilateral relationship has come to see improvement in the latter part of this period following the deepening transition in CEE countries, the gradual formation of their foreign policies as well as remarkable achievements made by China in its reform and opening-up.President Alexander Kwasniewski of Poland paid a state visit to China in mid-November of 1997.The visit was the first official visit to China by a Polish head of state in the past 38 years.The two heads of state signed a joint communiqué, thus ushering in a new stage of improvement of relations between the two countries.

    The “dual-speed” development period in the first decade of the new century

    Since the 21st century, the foreign policies of CEE countries have been gradually maturing.For instance, firstly, their leaningto-the West policy has been readjusted to a more balanced foreign policy, and CEE countries have paid more attention in developing relations with other countries including China while prioritizing ties with the United States and Europe.Secondly, at a time of ever deepening global economic integration and China’s rapid economic growth, CEE countries have attached greater importance to their economic and trade links with China.The bilateral trade volume between CEE countries and China has witnessed a remarkable growth.In 2001, the total trade volume between China and CEE countries in the region was only US$ 4.3 billion, and the figure sharply increased to US$ 52.9 billion in 2011, with an annual average growth of 27.6%.Confronted with a difficult situation during the global financial crisis, the bilateral trade has kept on growing, and China’s imports from CEE countries grows by 30%annually.With more active two-way investment activities being underway, the Chinese investments in CEE countries have covered chemical, machinery, household appliances, telecommunications,automobiles, new energy and other sectors, and expanded to other new fields of agriculture, finance, and science and technology,contributing increasingly to local economic growth and employment.Infrastructure cooperation is evidenced by projects such as the bridge on the Danube in Belgrade.Poland is China’s biggest trading partner in the region.The trade volume between the two countries was only US$ 144 million in 1991.However,in 2008 the figure has exceeded US$ 10 billion and in 2012 the bilateral trade volume has increased to US$ 14.38 billion.

    Premier Li Keqiang and leaders of CEE countries were watching the exhibition on infrastructure and equipment manufacturing on November 26, 2013.

    The political relations between China and CEE countries,however, remained relatively sluggish compared with their economic relations.Such an asymmetry was primarily caused by some CEE countries’ superior mentality towards China on issues concerning political system, human rights, religion and other values.Poland and the Czech Republic, both important CEE countries, often accused China on issues of human rights and the Tibet from 2003 to 2009.During the Dalai Lama’s visit to Europe in December 2008,he was received respectively by the then Poland President Lech Kaczynski and the then Czech Prime Minister Mirek Topolanek.As a consequence it forced the Chinese Government to keep a distance with CEE countries in order to avoid political risks, and blocked China’s consideration to upgrade its relations with the region in China’s overall foreign policy layout.

    The new era for launching the cooperation mechanism

    In April 2012, Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao paid a visit to Central and Eastern Europe, and in Warsaw the 2nd China-CEE economic and trade forum was held and the 1st meeting between the Chinese and CEE leaders was conducted.The Chinese side at the meeting initiated 12 proposals to promote pragmatic cooperation,signifying that the bilateral relationship between China and CEE countries has entered a new stage of development.

    Several highlights in China’s diplomatic strategy are manifested in this new stage of relations between China and CEE countries.Firstly,China renews its focus on Central and Eastern Europe.During the period from the normalization of diplomatic relations to 2012 when the cooperation mechanism was established, the political relations between China and CEE countries were mediocre based on socalled “partners of friendship and cooperation”, and were evidently not as close as the relations with other countries in the world.Currently with the establishment and development of China-CEE cooperation mechanism, China has actually regarded the Central and Eastern Europe as an important region, which has become an important component for regional cooperation in China’s external strategy.Secondly, China tries in its diplomacy to develop bilateral relations with the region in multilateral and regional approaches.To promote bilateral relations with the CEE countries, China has made efforts to establish platforms for exchanges and cooperation at multi-levels in many fields, and through various tracks.Multilevel exchanges include top-down political contacts and meetings among top leaders, ministers, coordinators, and local government officials; multi-fields means that conferences and forums conducted so far within the cooperation mechanism have covered fields such as agriculture, industry, tourism, education and culture.And multitrack means that in addition to dialogues among governments, the cooperation mechanism also provides platforms for people from different walks of life to contact each other and exchange ideas,such as China-CEE entrepreneurs dialogue, high-level think tank symposium and China-CEE young politicians forum, etc.

    The above-mentioned diplomatic endeavors have strengthened and uplifted China’s relations with CEE countries.China and Poland proclaimed the establishment of strategic partnership in November 2011.Chinese Prime Minister Li keqiang paid a visit to Romania and made a speech in the Parliament, highlighting Romania’s strategic importance and positioning the country as a strategic pillar in China’s cooperation with the Central and Eastern Europe.In April 2014, Czech Foreign Minister paid the first visit to China in 15 years, and the visit opened the door for more political exchanges at higher level.Prior to his foreign minister’s China trip, Czech Prime Minister Bohuslav Sobotka made it clear that he wishes to improve relations with China so as to catch up with the footsteps of other European countries in its relations with China.

    Challenges Faced by China and CEE Countries in Developing Their Relations

    Over the past two years and so since the official launching of the cooperation mechanism, China and CEE countries have witnessed rapid development in their relations with remarkable achievements.However, they are also confronted with challenges which require timely response.

    Suspicions and watchfulness from the EU and major EU members

    Apart from the five Western Balkan countries (Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia), the rest of CEE countries have become EU members one after another.The five Western Balkan countries are also at different stages in a bid to join the EU.It can be said that for all these countries concerned, the European Union is the top priority in their diplomacy.To deepen relations with these countries, the EU as a regional force could not be avoided.

    The EU takes suspicious and cautious attitudes to the establishment and development of the China-CEE cooperation mechanism.In the fall of 2012 when China established the China-CEE cooperation Secretariat and the first meeting of national coordinators was held in Beijing, Catherine Ashton, EU High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, issued a statement, signaling an indirect warning to both China and CEE countries not to form some sort of alliance.The EU concerns that five non-EU states from the Western Balkan might choose China and abandon the EU, and that they might make the China-CEE cooperation mechanism an alternative option since it is difficult to join the EU.The EU even thinks that its concern has taken place in Turkey.Turkey is believed to make major shift in its diplomacy by considering seriously to join the China-led SCO when it fails in its EU membership application for years.The EU worries that this will occur to five Western Balkan countries pending their EU accession,especially at a time when the EU further enlargement is not so smooth-going.Secondly, the EU is also worried that those EU states in the Central and Eastern Europe might get too close to China in the neglect of the Brussels.The persistent economic downturn in Europe and the EU’s rigid conditions for aid policies have forced new EU members to alienate the EU because of its “l(fā)ip service” and jump into cooperation with China, which develops fast to become the second largest economy in the world.In short, the EU is concerned that China tries to achieve political objective of dividing the EU countries through economic means and regrouping EU states according to their attitudes towards China, thus weakening the appeal of Brussels and preventing its consistency in foreign policy.In addition, Germany, as a major power within the EU and the largest trading partner and investor in CEE countries, is very watchful to China’s cooperation efforts in the region.Chancellor Angela Merkel has questioned why China has to engage in separate bilateral talks with CEE countries, and claimed that the embattled EU could not but to accept China’s practices.

    Strengthened cooperation between China and CEE countries has even got the United States feel uncomfortable.Although the cooperation mechanism has always put the emphasis on economic,cultural and educational exchanges, Washington still tries to speculate China’s intentions from geopolitical angle, saying that China’s geopolitical presence and influence in this region will have a direct impact on the magnitude and vitality of US relations with the Eastern European countries.

    Political challenges posed by CEE countries’ domestic situation

    After their political change in the early 1990s, CEE countries took steps to copy Western political system of separation of powers,parliamentary democracy and multi-party politics.However, a mature political system cannot come into being overnight.Up to now the political ecology in CEE countries is still at initial stage of multi-party politics although the Western-style democracy has been adopted and practiced for over two decades.Major problems include: (1) the irrational design of political institutions.Take Romania for example: according to the Constitution, divi-sion of responsibilities between the president and the prime minister is not clearly defined so that their differences in ruling philosophy and direction would often appear when they belong to different political parties, and often lead to internal and external policy incoherence.(2) Political parties have not yet developed to maturity.Either the old political parties which were reestablished after political change in the 1990s or the newly-formed political parties, all of them are insufficient of political experiences as well as charisma of accommodating or compromising with other political counterparts.And as a result, the instability of coalition governments is a frequent phenomenon.The above-mentioned problems caused frequent change of governments in some CEE countries, together with indecisiveness in policy-making and non-implementation of policies.The instability of political situation in CEE countries has obsessed China-CEE cooperation, and government changes in some countries have impeded the implementation of cooperation projects.

    Security concerns brought about by the Ukraine-Crimea crisis

    The Ukrainian crisis and the events in Crimea have increased CEE countries’ suspicion and misgivings of Russia, and intensified their strategic choice of following up and relying on the US-led NATO on security.On one hand, some CEE countries, who are also NATO members, have expressed their willingness to further strengthen cooperation with NATO.For example, Poland asked NATO to station 10,000 troops on its territory and hoped to accelerate the process.The Czech Republic does not envisage NATO troops on its soil, but has expressed its willingness to expand military cooperation with NATO in more fields.Romania has asked the US and NATO to reinforce their Black Sea deployment in dealing with risks caused by the Crimea events to the region.On the other hand,those non-EU states like Macedonia and others may speed up their accession to NATO out of security anxieties.

    Historically speaking, China has always been in the periphery of the regional geopolitical game in Central and Eastern Europe.However, with the improvement of China’s relations with Moscow,the countries in this region would unavoidably have certain suspicions about China.Many of them look at China’s reactions to the Ukraine-Crimean crisis through their persistent Russiaphobia perspectives, worrying that China-Russia full-fledged comprehensive strategic partnership of collaboration will evolve eventually to some sort of alliance.In this respect, the Western media has fueled regional fear and concerns.As a result, some CEE countries misinterpreted and misunderstood China’s policy toward Ukraine, thus breeding out certain security anxieties which have never existed between China and CEE countries.

    Anxiety and sense of uselessness in the bilateral economic cooperation

    The cooperation mechanism between China and CEE countries was established at a time when the European economy was shattered by the financial crisis and most of the CEE countries found their economy ill-performed due to many factors.On the other hand, they are subject to harsh conditions and strict regulations in receiving financial assistance from the EU.Hence, economic gains through cooperation with China become the first and foremost objective of these countries.

    However, the economic cooperation between China and CEE countries cannot overstep economic development stages and mutual breaking-in and multilateral interactions also take some time.Hence, some CEE countries begin to feel anxious and even think the cooperation with China is not helpful, thus affecting their enthusiasm for cooperation with China.Frequent government change in CEE countries enlarges the gap between high expectations of the cooperation and slow results: all the ruling parties hope that cooperation agreements signed in his tenure will bring quick and compelling economic benefits which, in turn, will help them win reelection rather than benefit their opponents.That’s why they tend to reach short-term and quick-fixed cooperation projects for the purpose of seeking instant success.Such approaches are adverse to sustainable and strategic cooperation between China and CEE countries.

    Social and public opinion environment affected by values and ideology

    After the end of Cold War, some countries in the former Soviet camp claimed to switch to Western values and ideology.In their relations with China, they put the stress on “human rights above sovereignty” and accused China on Tibet and other issues.This constituted the main reason for hampered political relations with China.With an evolving world situation, CEE countries start to practice a more balanced and pragmatic foreign policy.However,the historical legacy of past “China policy” remains intact in right-wing media, NGO, and even in the mindset of certain politicians and ruling parties, and they utter noises detrimental to the positive development China-CEE cooperation.For instance,the Government of Poland was criticized at the Parliament for giving supports to communism in China through trade activities with China.Meanwhile, people in all walks of life in Central and Eastern Europe have their views on China misled by United States and Western media.Influenced by the “China-bashing” in the West, people in many CEE countries tend to hold a skeptical view about China, and voices questioning cooperation with China have never stopped.At present, all governments in CEE countries have approved and participated with great enthusiasm in cooperation with China, with prevailing positive coverage of the cooperation in news media.However, if the cooperation cannot present timely successes, and if trade and economic returns cannot benefit the people as expected, then those who oppose the cooperation are bound to raise their accusations and the broad masses of the people who lack the full understanding of China will become followers of unfavorable public opinions on China.

    Recommendations for Further Development of China-CEE Relations

    China’s cooperation with CEE countries constitutes a new growth driver in China’s relations with the EU and is an important component in China’s all-round diplomatic strategy in the new era.In this respect, the cooperation mechanism in future is bound to face challenges as well as opportunities.

    Both top-level design and overall planning are needed for the benefit of China-CEE cooperation

    In the new era, the significance of China-CEE cooperation is by no means confined to bilateral relations development.The cooperation should be constructed as a model of cooperation which China carries out with developing countries, with small and medium-sized states, and with member states within existing international and regional organizations.Therefore, forward-looking design for the future development path and direction for China-CEE cooperation is very much required, and diplomatic concepts China initiated like equality, mutual benefits, win-win cooperation and inclusiveness should be integrated in the management of the cooperation mechanism.Up to now, the Secretariat for China-CEE Cooperation institutionalizes the cooperation.However, Western observers take the Secretariat as an official body of the Chinese Government, rather than an institution managed and supervised jointly by both China and CEE countries.Consequently, some people might see it as an unequal treatment.Therefore, CEE countries should be encouraged to establish corresponding coordination bodies and that will contribute to smooth and healthy development of this cooperation mechanism.Any coordination bodies set up by CEE countries will help reduce competition and increase cooperation among themselves, thus making all countries winners in cooperation rather than contenders vying for Chinese investments.

    To remove the concerns from the EU, Germany and other important European partners and to create a benign and complementary environment rather than a competitive one, China-CEE cooperation should be an inseparable part in the China-EU relations when designing and making plans for China’s foreign policy.In fact, when reviewing the whole development process of China-CEE cooperation, one could not fail to find that China has been paying increasing attentions to EU concerns, emphasizing repeatedly on many occasions that China-CEE cooperation runs parallel with and is complementary to the China-EU comprehensive strategic partnership.Chinese Premier Li keqiang visited Romania in November 2013.In his speech at the Third China-CEE Countries Economic and Trade Forum and in the Bucharest Outlines signed after the second meeting of the leaders between China and CEE countries, Mr.Li Keqiang stressed that CEE countries are an important part of Europe and that enhanced practical cooperation between China and CEE countries is conducive to the development of the respective countries and to a more balanced development in Europe.He also stressed that it will enrich and substantiate comprehensive strategic partnership between China and the EU and become new growth driver for China-EU cooperation.Since China-CEE cooperation began not long ago, and the resulting benefits to the region and to the EU will take time, hence the removal of the EU doubts.

    In addition, comprehensive consideration and overall planning should be made in working out China’s diplomatic strategy by combining China-CEE cooperation with China’s peripheral diplomacy, new type of big-countries relations as well as initiatives on building new Silk Road economic belt and the 21st century maritime Silk Road, so as to give more strategic importance to the China-CEE cooperation in the framework of China’s diplomacy.Europe was the destination of the ancient Silk Road in history.Now when we make the initiative of building a new Silk Road economic belt, we should take Europe into this new-type economic cooperation.Thus, the new Silk Road economic belt initiative and China-CEE cooperation, both in their objectives and pathways, are accommodating and complementary to each other.And China-CEE cooperation should be regarded as pivotal expansion and extension of the new Silk Road economic belt.If we are successful in doing so, it will be conducive to the implementation of the two important strategies, reducing the geopolitical sensitivities existing among China and CEE countries, promoting geo-economic relevance and changing the sense of alienation in geo-cognition.

    Particularity of CEE countries should be taken into full consideration

    Particularities, on one hand, refer to CEE countries’ dreadful and watchful feelings towards Russia caused by historical reasons.CEE countries were subject to prolonged control of the Soviet Union.They are so fearful of Russia’s comeback that they rely on political and security protection from the West.In future, China should focus on economic exchanges and cooperation with CEE countries and play down any political and strategic elements in the cooperation, in order to ensure a steady and progressive progress at the early stage of the bilateral cooperation.

    Another aspect of particularity refers to great diversities among CEE countries in their national condition, history, culture, religion and society.These differences cannot be ignored.The factors which may affect relations with China include: their dependence on Russia in trade and energy, and their accession to the EU and NATO.Western scholars pointed out that CEE countries, though having similar historical experience in the Cold War time, have embarked on different paths of reform and development after they had major political changes following the end of the Cold War.If China adopts the same approach for the economic cooperation,that would lead to competition and even antagonism among CEE countries.Therefore, a pathway for effective cooperation is to study in a serious manner and get insight of sub-regional organizations in the Central and Eastern Europe.Countries in Central Europe,the Balkan and the Baltic states have similar economic and social situation and demands for cooperation, and their similarities are greater than the entire CEE countries as a whole.With a fairly strong cohesion and coordination potential, these countries have already had various institutionalized or semi-institutionalized cooperation organizations which are conducive to their pragmatic cooperation.At present the active sub-regional organizations include: the Mediterranean Union, the Visegrad Group, Process for Cooperation in South-Eastern Europe, the Western Balkans Stability and Joint Processes, the Black Sea Economic Cooperation and the Council of the Baltic States.

    To improve demonstration effect of economic “early harvest”

    CEE countries practice multi-party political system, the governments and politicians are driven by elections so that they have to show to interest groups and constituencies cooperation results with China.At present, China should concentrate on key projects, formulate detailed measures in implementing the Bucharest Outlines, select landmark investment projects, increase imports from CEE countries and provide more scholarships so as to benefit all 16 CEE countries.With an effective “early harvest”in sight, governments of CEE countries will be able to win more domestic supports and to convince the United States and the EU.Under the coordination of the Central Government, the above-mentioned objectives can be achieved by encouraging an enthusiastic role played by the local governments in China.The

    provinces, municipalities and cities in China have their respective advantages in fields of economy, energy, agriculture and education.By making a good use of various forums among mayors, on urban development as well as economic, trade and agriculture fields, and in particular the meeting mechanism between local leaders of China and CEE countries, specific projects could be quickly started and adverse impact on cooperation brought about by any “hiccups” in China-CEE political relations could be prevented.

    Cultural and educational exchanges should be strengthened to create a favorable atmosphere for cooperation through public diplomacy.

    Scholars from CEE countries acknowledge that both the public and politicians in the region have insufficient knowledge of China,and the resulting prejudice sentiments on China further deepen existing ideological differences with China.Therefore, unofficial exchanges between China and CEE countries through their cooperation mechanism will help increase mutual understanding,remove misunderstanding and create a favorable social and public opinion environment for investment and cooperation.

    Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao proposed at the 2nd China-CEE economic and trade forum in 2012 to expand exchanges in education,culture, public health, sports and tourism, and to promote mutual understanding and friendship among the peoples and in particular the younger generation.In his 12 proposals, there are large amount of cultural and educational cooperation projects.Article 7of the Bucharest Outlines in 2013 lists six specific measures including multi-tack cooperation and exchanges among think tanks, media,and young politicians in many fields such as education, tourism,and visa application.

    亚洲全国av大片| 最近最新免费中文字幕在线| 十八禁网站免费在线| 人人妻,人人澡人人爽秒播| 在线观看免费视频日本深夜| 韩国av一区二区三区四区| 色婷婷av一区二区三区视频| 嫁个100分男人电影在线观看| 一个人免费在线观看的高清视频| 国产成年人精品一区二区 | 国产黄a三级三级三级人| 精品国产一区二区三区四区第35| 激情视频va一区二区三区| 免费在线观看视频国产中文字幕亚洲| 亚洲自偷自拍图片 自拍| 中文字幕高清在线视频| 中出人妻视频一区二区| a在线观看视频网站| 丝袜美腿诱惑在线| 久久中文字幕人妻熟女| 露出奶头的视频| 国产精品自产拍在线观看55亚洲| 一进一出好大好爽视频| 男女做爰动态图高潮gif福利片 | 男女高潮啪啪啪动态图| 校园春色视频在线观看| 中文字幕色久视频| 色婷婷av一区二区三区视频| 三级毛片av免费| 91国产中文字幕| 久久久久九九精品影院| 久久九九热精品免费| 一个人观看的视频www高清免费观看 | 欧美亚洲日本最大视频资源| 亚洲中文字幕日韩| 久久久久久免费高清国产稀缺| 国产精品亚洲一级av第二区| 老司机深夜福利视频在线观看| 人妻丰满熟妇av一区二区三区| www.熟女人妻精品国产| 桃色一区二区三区在线观看| 久久久国产成人免费| 欧美日韩视频精品一区| 欧美乱妇无乱码| 这个男人来自地球电影免费观看| 母亲3免费完整高清在线观看| 满18在线观看网站| 午夜亚洲福利在线播放| 国产精品九九99| 国产亚洲欧美在线一区二区| 欧美黑人欧美精品刺激| 丰满的人妻完整版| 岛国视频午夜一区免费看| 久久国产精品男人的天堂亚洲| 精品人妻1区二区| 久久国产乱子伦精品免费另类| 国产在线观看jvid| 天天躁狠狠躁夜夜躁狠狠躁| 午夜视频精品福利| 麻豆久久精品国产亚洲av | 淫秽高清视频在线观看| videosex国产| 五月开心婷婷网| 国产午夜精品久久久久久| 国产一区二区在线av高清观看| 国产黄a三级三级三级人| 女生性感内裤真人,穿戴方法视频| 19禁男女啪啪无遮挡网站| 老汉色av国产亚洲站长工具| 90打野战视频偷拍视频| 91av网站免费观看| 黑丝袜美女国产一区| 久久久水蜜桃国产精品网| 色在线成人网| 999久久久精品免费观看国产| 日韩免费高清中文字幕av| 亚洲欧美日韩高清在线视频| 久久久久精品国产欧美久久久| 国产区一区二久久| aaaaa片日本免费| 日韩有码中文字幕| 欧美色视频一区免费| 精品福利永久在线观看| а√天堂www在线а√下载| 国产欧美日韩精品亚洲av| 黑人巨大精品欧美一区二区mp4| 曰老女人黄片| 两性午夜刺激爽爽歪歪视频在线观看 | 97碰自拍视频| 妹子高潮喷水视频| 久久久久久免费高清国产稀缺| 亚洲熟女毛片儿| 一边摸一边抽搐一进一出视频| 在线国产一区二区在线| 91精品国产国语对白视频| 怎么达到女性高潮| 黄片播放在线免费| 人人澡人人妻人| 免费观看精品视频网站| 国产aⅴ精品一区二区三区波| 欧美日韩福利视频一区二区| www.www免费av| 精品福利永久在线观看| 日韩av在线大香蕉| 黑丝袜美女国产一区| 国产欧美日韩精品亚洲av| 欧美黑人欧美精品刺激| 宅男免费午夜| 长腿黑丝高跟| 国产一区二区在线av高清观看| 天堂√8在线中文| 国产成年人精品一区二区 | 精品国产乱码久久久久久男人| 黄色视频,在线免费观看| videosex国产| 90打野战视频偷拍视频| 一个人免费在线观看的高清视频| 午夜福利在线免费观看网站| 欧美日韩乱码在线| 欧美成人性av电影在线观看| 一级片免费观看大全| 久久精品成人免费网站| 久久亚洲真实| 久久精品亚洲av国产电影网| 热99re8久久精品国产| 久久午夜亚洲精品久久| 人人妻人人澡人人看| 亚洲免费av在线视频| 欧美成人免费av一区二区三区| 精品午夜福利视频在线观看一区| 国产日韩一区二区三区精品不卡| 日日摸夜夜添夜夜添小说| 欧美精品啪啪一区二区三区| 欧美日韩av久久| 精品国产亚洲在线| 天天躁狠狠躁夜夜躁狠狠躁| 午夜福利一区二区在线看| 国产精品九九99| 久久人妻福利社区极品人妻图片| 国产精品久久久久久人妻精品电影| 午夜亚洲福利在线播放| 亚洲精品粉嫩美女一区| 69av精品久久久久久| 中文字幕人妻熟女乱码| 美女 人体艺术 gogo| 日本vs欧美在线观看视频| 欧美另类亚洲清纯唯美| 9色porny在线观看| 天堂影院成人在线观看| 一级毛片精品| 又黄又爽又免费观看的视频| 成人特级黄色片久久久久久久| av天堂在线播放| 日韩精品免费视频一区二区三区| 久久精品aⅴ一区二区三区四区| 久久中文看片网| 男女做爰动态图高潮gif福利片 | 久热爱精品视频在线9| 热re99久久精品国产66热6| 精品久久久久久,| avwww免费| 亚洲人成77777在线视频| 男女之事视频高清在线观看| 99riav亚洲国产免费| 最新在线观看一区二区三区| 97超级碰碰碰精品色视频在线观看| 国产日韩一区二区三区精品不卡| 午夜福利影视在线免费观看| 国产精品一区二区精品视频观看| 天堂俺去俺来也www色官网| 国产成人系列免费观看| 一进一出抽搐gif免费好疼 | 两性午夜刺激爽爽歪歪视频在线观看 | 一级作爱视频免费观看| 免费高清在线观看日韩| 亚洲一码二码三码区别大吗| 久久久久久大精品| 欧美乱妇无乱码| 老司机午夜福利在线观看视频| 一级毛片女人18水好多| 欧美精品亚洲一区二区| 久久欧美精品欧美久久欧美| 国产不卡一卡二| 国产午夜精品久久久久久| 国产伦人伦偷精品视频| 如日韩欧美国产精品一区二区三区| 99久久精品国产亚洲精品| 亚洲在线自拍视频| a级毛片黄视频| 午夜免费成人在线视频| 中文字幕人妻丝袜一区二区| 叶爱在线成人免费视频播放| 成年人黄色毛片网站| 欧洲精品卡2卡3卡4卡5卡区| 久久午夜综合久久蜜桃| 国产精品一区二区精品视频观看| 成人国产一区最新在线观看| 欧美午夜高清在线| 国产成人精品久久二区二区91| 日本wwww免费看| 免费av中文字幕在线| 午夜福利影视在线免费观看| 老熟妇乱子伦视频在线观看| 亚洲 国产 在线| 欧美黄色片欧美黄色片| av网站免费在线观看视频| 日本vs欧美在线观看视频| 怎么达到女性高潮| 黑人巨大精品欧美一区二区mp4| 大型黄色视频在线免费观看| 男人舔女人下体高潮全视频| 美女高潮喷水抽搐中文字幕| 免费人成视频x8x8入口观看| 97超级碰碰碰精品色视频在线观看| 欧美久久黑人一区二区| 黄色成人免费大全| 美女大奶头视频| 国内毛片毛片毛片毛片毛片| 99精品久久久久人妻精品| 精品第一国产精品| 亚洲欧美日韩另类电影网站| 亚洲av成人不卡在线观看播放网| 99国产精品免费福利视频| 一级片免费观看大全| 女人被狂操c到高潮| 日日摸夜夜添夜夜添小说| 亚洲人成网站在线播放欧美日韩| 国产一区在线观看成人免费| 日韩欧美免费精品| 99久久精品国产亚洲精品| 一区二区三区国产精品乱码| 老汉色∧v一级毛片| 国产精品久久久人人做人人爽| 亚洲七黄色美女视频| 精品久久久久久电影网| 免费在线观看日本一区| 成人特级黄色片久久久久久久| 婷婷六月久久综合丁香| 国产亚洲精品久久久久5区| 久久这里只有精品19| 精品一区二区三区av网在线观看| a级毛片黄视频| 天天影视国产精品| 亚洲av电影在线进入| 极品人妻少妇av视频| 国产成人免费无遮挡视频| 精品一区二区三区视频在线观看免费 | 三上悠亚av全集在线观看| 亚洲成av片中文字幕在线观看| 夜夜爽天天搞| 少妇的丰满在线观看| 黑人操中国人逼视频| 自线自在国产av| 天堂√8在线中文| 国产精华一区二区三区| 日本三级黄在线观看| 两性午夜刺激爽爽歪歪视频在线观看 | 黄色怎么调成土黄色| 欧美精品亚洲一区二区| 久久人人精品亚洲av| 欧美日韩乱码在线| e午夜精品久久久久久久| 9191精品国产免费久久| 国产欧美日韩一区二区三区在线| 18禁国产床啪视频网站| 欧美成人性av电影在线观看| 成人亚洲精品av一区二区 | 亚洲av电影在线进入| 国产成人一区二区三区免费视频网站| 91老司机精品| 亚洲三区欧美一区| 国产精品久久久人人做人人爽| 18美女黄网站色大片免费观看| 精品卡一卡二卡四卡免费| 在线观看午夜福利视频| 成人影院久久| 999久久久精品免费观看国产| 男女床上黄色一级片免费看| 电影成人av| √禁漫天堂资源中文www| 久久香蕉精品热| 亚洲男人天堂网一区| 99在线视频只有这里精品首页| 亚洲色图综合在线观看| 黑人巨大精品欧美一区二区蜜桃| 日韩视频一区二区在线观看| 色婷婷av一区二区三区视频| 中文字幕精品免费在线观看视频| 亚洲国产看品久久| 色精品久久人妻99蜜桃| 人妻丰满熟妇av一区二区三区| 日本免费一区二区三区高清不卡 | 黄色 视频免费看| 久久久水蜜桃国产精品网| 99香蕉大伊视频| 韩国av一区二区三区四区| 久久国产精品男人的天堂亚洲| 久久精品成人免费网站| xxx96com| 精品电影一区二区在线| 天天添夜夜摸| 色婷婷av一区二区三区视频| 色老头精品视频在线观看| 免费av毛片视频| 国产精华一区二区三区| 国产1区2区3区精品| 久久久久亚洲av毛片大全| 99国产精品一区二区蜜桃av| 正在播放国产对白刺激| 成人av一区二区三区在线看| 成人亚洲精品一区在线观看| 国产单亲对白刺激| 欧美不卡视频在线免费观看 | 99精国产麻豆久久婷婷| 日韩欧美在线二视频| 精品一区二区三区视频在线观看免费 | 国产欧美日韩精品亚洲av| 精品久久久久久电影网| 欧美精品啪啪一区二区三区| 亚洲成人国产一区在线观看| 久99久视频精品免费| 咕卡用的链子| 一区福利在线观看| 又大又爽又粗| 免费在线观看日本一区| 久久国产乱子伦精品免费另类| av超薄肉色丝袜交足视频| 黑人欧美特级aaaaaa片| 国产精品综合久久久久久久免费 | 久久国产精品男人的天堂亚洲| 久久精品91无色码中文字幕| 看免费av毛片| 色在线成人网| 国产成人精品无人区| 国产aⅴ精品一区二区三区波| 18禁观看日本| 51午夜福利影视在线观看| 最新美女视频免费是黄的| 悠悠久久av| 亚洲九九香蕉| 日本三级黄在线观看| 欧美日韩黄片免| 国产亚洲欧美在线一区二区| 久久久国产成人精品二区 | 成年人免费黄色播放视频| 别揉我奶头~嗯~啊~动态视频| 91在线观看av| 天天影视国产精品| 高清毛片免费观看视频网站 | 亚洲色图av天堂| 在线观看一区二区三区| 亚洲男人天堂网一区| 一区在线观看完整版| 正在播放国产对白刺激| 久久国产精品影院| 色在线成人网| 午夜福利在线免费观看网站| 最新在线观看一区二区三区| 男女高潮啪啪啪动态图| 国产亚洲精品久久久久久毛片| 91精品三级在线观看| 夜夜夜夜夜久久久久| 一边摸一边抽搐一进一出视频| 亚洲男人天堂网一区| 国产精品成人在线| 黄色毛片三级朝国网站| 国产成人系列免费观看| 交换朋友夫妻互换小说| 50天的宝宝边吃奶边哭怎么回事| 999久久久国产精品视频| 国产伦人伦偷精品视频| 国产精品 欧美亚洲| 精品电影一区二区在线| 日韩av在线大香蕉| xxxhd国产人妻xxx| 亚洲美女黄片视频| 1024视频免费在线观看| 免费一级毛片在线播放高清视频 | 啦啦啦免费观看视频1| 欧美日韩福利视频一区二区| 国产乱人伦免费视频| 欧美日韩亚洲综合一区二区三区_| 淫妇啪啪啪对白视频| 在线视频色国产色| 麻豆国产av国片精品| 亚洲一区中文字幕在线| 亚洲精品美女久久av网站| 欧美中文综合在线视频| 久久久久亚洲av毛片大全| 中亚洲国语对白在线视频| 热re99久久国产66热| 亚洲,欧美精品.| 久久久久久亚洲精品国产蜜桃av| 侵犯人妻中文字幕一二三四区| 叶爱在线成人免费视频播放| 成人18禁高潮啪啪吃奶动态图| 精品久久久精品久久久| 亚洲精品一区av在线观看| 午夜福利在线观看吧| 9191精品国产免费久久| 欧美激情 高清一区二区三区| 首页视频小说图片口味搜索| 亚洲精品在线美女| 大型av网站在线播放| 一级毛片高清免费大全| 久久天堂一区二区三区四区| 性欧美人与动物交配| 免费在线观看影片大全网站| 夜夜爽天天搞| 91在线观看av| 日本黄色日本黄色录像| 夫妻午夜视频| 亚洲少妇的诱惑av| 午夜精品在线福利| 手机成人av网站| 黑丝袜美女国产一区| xxxhd国产人妻xxx| 一区二区日韩欧美中文字幕| 欧美中文日本在线观看视频| 精品电影一区二区在线| 久久午夜亚洲精品久久| 水蜜桃什么品种好| 日韩欧美免费精品| 看黄色毛片网站| 91成年电影在线观看| 色播在线永久视频| 欧美成人性av电影在线观看| 亚洲五月色婷婷综合| 欧美成狂野欧美在线观看| 免费在线观看影片大全网站| 俄罗斯特黄特色一大片| 老司机深夜福利视频在线观看| 国产成人精品久久二区二区91| 国产精品一区二区精品视频观看| 黄片大片在线免费观看| 悠悠久久av| 久99久视频精品免费| 日韩免费av在线播放| 亚洲人成伊人成综合网2020| 久久婷婷成人综合色麻豆| 亚洲五月天丁香| 成人永久免费在线观看视频| 午夜福利免费观看在线| 精品国内亚洲2022精品成人| 国产91精品成人一区二区三区| 成人三级做爰电影| 新久久久久国产一级毛片| 麻豆国产av国片精品| av免费在线观看网站| 五月开心婷婷网| www.熟女人妻精品国产| 亚洲自拍偷在线| 在线观看日韩欧美| 欧美精品亚洲一区二区| 国产精品av久久久久免费| xxxhd国产人妻xxx| 精品人妻在线不人妻| 老司机福利观看| 日本五十路高清| 如日韩欧美国产精品一区二区三区| 不卡av一区二区三区| 久久精品影院6| 久久伊人香网站| 午夜影院日韩av| 久99久视频精品免费| 亚洲熟女毛片儿| 69av精品久久久久久| netflix在线观看网站| 亚洲久久久国产精品| √禁漫天堂资源中文www| 在线视频色国产色| 成年女人毛片免费观看观看9| 一a级毛片在线观看| 午夜久久久在线观看| 国产免费av片在线观看野外av| 久久伊人香网站| 无遮挡黄片免费观看| 精品一区二区三区四区五区乱码| 久久国产精品男人的天堂亚洲| 色尼玛亚洲综合影院| 日韩欧美三级三区| 久久久久久久久中文| 国产有黄有色有爽视频| 国产精品99久久99久久久不卡| a在线观看视频网站| 久热爱精品视频在线9| 高清黄色对白视频在线免费看| 欧美性长视频在线观看| 国产精品av久久久久免费| 在线国产一区二区在线| 啦啦啦 在线观看视频| 人妻丰满熟妇av一区二区三区| 日韩欧美三级三区| www.熟女人妻精品国产| 国产精品香港三级国产av潘金莲| 精品久久久久久电影网| 动漫黄色视频在线观看| 日韩av在线大香蕉| 欧美乱码精品一区二区三区| 天堂√8在线中文| 亚洲情色 制服丝袜| 欧美午夜高清在线| 成人三级做爰电影| 国产亚洲精品第一综合不卡| 18禁黄网站禁片午夜丰满| 欧美日韩黄片免| 亚洲五月婷婷丁香| 亚洲五月色婷婷综合| 精品福利永久在线观看| 两性午夜刺激爽爽歪歪视频在线观看 | 18禁观看日本| 视频区图区小说| 97碰自拍视频| 日韩欧美在线二视频| 国产午夜精品久久久久久| 国产精品乱码一区二三区的特点 | 黄色丝袜av网址大全| www.999成人在线观看| 一本大道久久a久久精品| 日韩高清综合在线| 女人高潮潮喷娇喘18禁视频| 欧美大码av| 大陆偷拍与自拍| 亚洲欧美日韩另类电影网站| 精品无人区乱码1区二区| 国产主播在线观看一区二区| 丁香六月欧美| 久久亚洲真实| 自线自在国产av| 多毛熟女@视频| 亚洲精品国产精品久久久不卡| 日韩精品中文字幕看吧| 精品熟女少妇八av免费久了| 亚洲国产看品久久| 丁香六月欧美| 波多野结衣高清无吗| 久久伊人香网站| 成人亚洲精品一区在线观看| 变态另类成人亚洲欧美熟女 | 精品卡一卡二卡四卡免费| 久久精品91无色码中文字幕| 乱人伦中国视频| 高清在线国产一区| 亚洲av电影在线进入| 久热爱精品视频在线9| 亚洲人成伊人成综合网2020| 亚洲激情在线av| 午夜日韩欧美国产| 在线观看午夜福利视频| 嫩草影视91久久| 国产激情久久老熟女| 国产三级黄色录像| 亚洲专区国产一区二区| 老司机午夜十八禁免费视频| 国产精品免费一区二区三区在线| 成人永久免费在线观看视频| 香蕉国产在线看| 美女午夜性视频免费| 中文字幕av电影在线播放| 国产精品久久久久久人妻精品电影| 天天躁夜夜躁狠狠躁躁| 在线播放国产精品三级| 日韩视频一区二区在线观看| 日本黄色视频三级网站网址| 大码成人一级视频| 日韩三级视频一区二区三区| 97人妻天天添夜夜摸| 午夜老司机福利片| 欧美老熟妇乱子伦牲交| 国产精品久久久久成人av| 久久久国产成人免费| 午夜福利欧美成人| 久久国产亚洲av麻豆专区| 亚洲五月天丁香| 免费看a级黄色片| 淫妇啪啪啪对白视频| 大型av网站在线播放| 成人国产一区最新在线观看| 欧美大码av| 欧美激情极品国产一区二区三区| 亚洲av片天天在线观看| 满18在线观看网站| 日韩中文字幕欧美一区二区| 亚洲欧美激情综合另类| 深夜精品福利| 久久久久国产精品人妻aⅴ院| 99热国产这里只有精品6| 精品国产美女av久久久久小说| 国产成+人综合+亚洲专区| 午夜精品久久久久久毛片777| 精品人妻在线不人妻| 91九色精品人成在线观看| 中文欧美无线码| 日韩精品免费视频一区二区三区| 亚洲av片天天在线观看| 国产色视频综合| 免费少妇av软件| 久久青草综合色| 1024视频免费在线观看| 精品久久久久久,| 丁香六月欧美| 久久久久九九精品影院| 天天影视国产精品| 热re99久久国产66热| 国产精品成人在线| 日韩精品免费视频一区二区三区| 亚洲午夜理论影院| 制服诱惑二区| 国产蜜桃级精品一区二区三区| 一本大道久久a久久精品| 国产欧美日韩综合在线一区二区| 亚洲激情在线av| 亚洲国产精品合色在线| 久久这里只有精品19| 99国产精品免费福利视频|