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    英語專四詞匯語法新試題解析

    2014-10-31 23:36:53洪令凱
    考試周刊 2014年74期
    關(guān)鍵詞:備考策略

    洪令凱

    摘 要: 本文通過對2008年至2011年的英語專業(yè)四級考試詞匯語法試題中新題型的解析,指出專四考試命題的新趨勢,探討學(xué)生失分的各種原因,同時提出具體的教學(xué)備考策略。

    關(guān)鍵詞: 英語專業(yè)四級考試 詞匯語法 試題解析 備考策略

    一、引言

    英語專業(yè)四級考試(TEM-4)是全國高等院校英語專業(yè)基礎(chǔ)階段的考試,是高等學(xué)校外語專業(yè)教學(xué)指導(dǎo)委員會主持實施的全國性考試。

    根據(jù)《高校英語專業(yè)四級考試大綱》,TEM-4考試涵蓋六大部分:聽寫、聽力理解、完形填空、語法與詞匯、閱讀理解和寫作。雖然委員會在2004年對考試大綱作了修訂,但在詞匯和語法方面沒有做出太大改變。詞匯和語法共30題(原則上語法15題,詞匯15題),總分15分,考試時間為15分鐘。語法考點主要包括名詞、限定詞、代詞、從句及其他;詞匯量要求5500~6000詞,重點考查異形近義詞、異形異義詞、近形異義詞各種詞的搭配及習(xí)慣表達,多項選擇是主要的考查形式,即在所給的四個選項中選擇一個正確答案。這就要求出題者應(yīng)注意每一選擇題只能給予一個正確答案。然而,近年來英語專業(yè)四級考題,尤其是詞匯語法部分的考題多受詬病,原因在于多次出現(xiàn)一道題有兩個正確答案的現(xiàn)象。從2008年開始,筆者發(fā)現(xiàn)詞匯語法出題的方式開始發(fā)生變化,題目不再是選擇一個答案填入題干以完成句子,而是將題干改為一個完整的句子,在選項中直接考查該句子的語法知識點。這種出題方式在一定程度上降低了爭議題目的出現(xiàn),不失為高明之舉,但是隨之產(chǎn)生了一些新的問題。下面,筆者將詳細解析自2008年開始到2013年的新出題方式下的考題,希望借此尋找到更有效的備考策略。

    二、實例分析

    1.Which of the following is INCORRECT? (2008-57)

    A. All his lectures were boring.

    C. Her few friends are all fond of dancing.

    B. Half his money was gone.

    D. He invited many his friends to the party.

    解析:答案為D。考查多個限定詞一起使用時的排序問題。限定詞分為前、中、后,前位:all, both, half; double, twice, one-third等;中位:a, an, the; this, that, these, my, you, his, no等;后位:one, two, three, first, another, last, next, other等。前位限定詞之間和中位限定詞之間相互排斥,也就是說,一個名詞短語中只可用一個前位限定詞和一個中位限定詞;后位限定詞不互相排斥,如:All the other three black pens belong to me.在本句中,all是前位限定詞,the是中位限定詞,均只有一個,但是后位限定詞有兩個:other和three。在本題最后一個選項中,his是中位限定詞,many是后位限定詞,所以出現(xiàn)了搭配錯誤。

    注:such既可是前位限定詞又可是后位限定詞,如:such a...; no such。

    2.What does “He wisely refused to spend his money” mean? (2008-59)

    A. It was wise of him to refuse to spend his money.

    B. He refused to spend his money in a wise manner.

    C. He was short of money and didnt want to buy anything.

    D. He refused, in a wise manner, to spend his money.

    解析:答案為A??疾閷Ω痹~位置和含義的理解。副詞分程度副詞、頻度副詞、方式副詞、時間副詞、地點副詞和評注性副詞。程度副詞一般放在被修飾的動詞、形容詞或副詞前面,如:I am very happy to be with you. He speaks English pretty well. 頻度副詞通常放在行為動詞前,如:I often see her walk in the park.方式副詞一般放在動詞后,如:The girl danced beautifully.時間副詞一般放在句首或句尾。地點副詞一般放在句尾,有時也可在句首。評注性副詞一般位于句首,有時也位于句中或句尾,如:Rightly, he refused her offer. 句首,修飾整個句子和主語。He wisely took his friends advice.句中,修飾句子和主語。We could see the distant hills clearly. 句尾,修飾謂語動詞。在四個選項中,B和D選項結(jié)構(gòu)雖然有差異,但意思是一樣的,表示“他聰明地拒絕了用自己的錢”,強調(diào)拒絕的方式,那么wisely就可被理解成只修飾謂語動詞。只有A選項與原句意義接近,因為原句中的wisely修飾的是整個句子和主語,表示It is wise of him to do...。

    3.Which of the following sentences expresses “probability”? (2008-65)

    A. You must leave immediately.

    B. You must be feeling rather tired.endprint

    C. You must be here by eight oclock.

    D. You must complete the reading assignment on time.

    解析:答案為B??疾榍閼B(tài)動詞must的用法。情態(tài)動詞must的常見用法有:(1)當(dāng)句子主語是說話人本人時,表示說話人的主觀看法或愿望,如:I must go to the hospital to visit the patient.我得到醫(yī)院去看望病人。We must finish the task today.我們今天得完成這項工作。(2)當(dāng)句子主語不是說話人本人時,表示命令“必須”(肯定句)、“不許”(否定句),如:You must come home before eight oclock. Cars mustnt be parked in front of the door. (3)用于肯定句,表示“揣測”,如:You must be a businessman.你肯定是生意人。(must+狀態(tài)動詞,對現(xiàn)在情況表示揣測)Look, she must be crying over there.快看,她肯定在那兒哭。(must+be+行為動詞現(xiàn)在分詞,對現(xiàn)在正在發(fā)生的情況表示揣測)It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet.昨天晚上肯定下雨了,因為地面是濕的。(must+have+過去分詞,對過去所發(fā)生的情況表示揣測)。

    4.“It seems that she was there at the conference.”,the sentence means that ?搖 ?搖(2009-62)

    A. she seems to be there at the conference.

    B. she seemed to be there at the conference.

    C. she seems to have been there at the conference.

    D. she seemed to being there at the conference.

    解析:答案為C??疾楦痹~的用法。題干中的“it seems that...”用的是一般現(xiàn)在時,表示在說話的這個時候“看來似乎/好像是”;that從句中用的是一般過去時,表示“她出席會議”是過去的事件,整句話表示現(xiàn)在做出對過去某事的判斷。四個選項中,B/D時態(tài)不對;A沒有表示“過去”的語法手段,也不對。只有C語義與題干中的句子完全一致,選項中的不定式用了完成體,表示過去時間。

    5.In “How much do you think he earns?”,how much is ?搖 ?搖 of the sentence.(2009-64)

    A. the subject B. the adverbial

    C. the object D. the complement

    解析:答案為C。考查句子成分間的關(guān)系。在這個句子中,主語是you,謂語是think,how much he earns是think的賓語從句。在該從句中,he是主語,earns是謂語動詞,引導(dǎo)詞how much作earns的賓語。

    6.“The man preparing the documents is the firms lawyer” has all the following possible meanings EXCEPT ?搖 ?搖(2009-65)

    A. the man who has prepared the documents...

    B. the man who has been preparing the documents...

    C. the man who is preparing the documents...

    D. the man who will prepare the documents...

    解析:答案為D。考查現(xiàn)在分詞作定語的用法?,F(xiàn)在分詞作定語一般表示“主動”和“進行”。四個選項都是主動語態(tài):B(現(xiàn)在完成進行時)和C(現(xiàn)在進行時)是進行體,無疑是現(xiàn)在分詞定語的含義。A是現(xiàn)在完成時,有“過去的動作但對現(xiàn)在有影響”之義,也是現(xiàn)在分詞定語的含義。只有D是一般將來時,與現(xiàn)在分詞的含義不一致。如果要把D改為非謂語形式的定語,就應(yīng)該用不定式。

    7.Which of the following italicized phrases indicates CAUSE? (2010-51)

    A. Why dont you do it for the sake of your friends?

    B. I wish I could write as well as you.

    C. For all his efforts, he didnt get an A.

    D. Her eyes were red from excessive reading.

    解析:答案為D。A表示“為了”目的;B表示“和……一樣”比較;C表示“盡管”讓步。

    8.Which of the following sentences is INCORRECT? (2010-56)

    A. They each have two tickets.

    B. They cost twenty yuan each.

    C. Each they have bought the same book.endprint

    D. They were given two magazines each.

    解析:答案為C。Each作同位語時,只能放在被修飾的代詞后面。

    9.In the sentence “Its no use waiting for her”, the italicized phrase is ?搖 ?搖 (2010-61)

    A. the object B. an adverbial

    C. a complement D. the subject

    解析:答案為D。這是動名詞后置的句型,真正的主語在后面。

    10.Which of the following sentences is INCORRECT? (2010-62)

    A. All his lectures are very interesting.

    B. Half their savings were gone.

    C. Many his friends came to the party.

    D. Both his sisters are nurses.

    解析:答案為C。此題與2008年第57題雷同??疾橄薅ㄔ~,his是中位限定詞,many是后位限定詞,所以出現(xiàn)了搭配錯誤。

    11.Which of the following sentences has an object complement? (2010-63)

    A. The directors appointed John manager.

    B. I gave Mary a Christmas present.

    C. You have done Peter a favour.

    D. She is teaching children English.

    解析:選A。B、C、D三句動詞后面都是雙賓語結(jié)構(gòu),A是賓語加賓語補語的結(jié)構(gòu)。注區(qū)別:賓語和賓補之間有主補(主系表)關(guān)系,雙賓語沒有。

    12.Which of the following words can NOT be used to complete “Weve seen the film ?搖 ?搖”? (2010-64)

    A. before B. recently C. lately D. yet

    解析:答案為D。該句是肯定句,而yet是與否定或疑問句連用的。

    13.Which of the following sentences is a COMMAND? (2011-52)

    A. Beg your pardon. B. Have a good time.

    C. Never do that again! D. What noise you are making!

    解析:答案為C??疾槌S每谡Z的交際功能。A是“請求”,B是“祝愿”,D是“抱怨”,C是“命令”。

    14.Which of the following italicized phrases indicates purpose? (2011-53)

    A. She said it for fun, but others took her seriously.

    B. For all its effort, the team didnt win the match.

    C. Linda has worked for the firm for twenty years.

    D. He set out for Beijing yesterday.

    解析:答案為A??疾榻樵~短語的含義。B表示“盡管”讓步,C表示持續(xù)的時間,D表示目的方向。

    15.In phrases like freezing cold, burning hot, or soaking wet, the -ING participle is used (2011-55)

    A. as a command. B. as a condition.

    C. for concession. D. for emphasis.

    解析:答案為D。本題考查現(xiàn)在分詞作定語的用法。

    16.Which of the following italicized phrases is INCORRECT? (2011-56)

    A. The city is now ten times its original size.

    B. I wish I had two times his strength.

    C. The seller asked for double the usual price.

    D. They come here four times every year.

    解析:答案為B。本題考查倍數(shù)表達法。在英語中,兩倍的表達是twice,三倍以上才是three, four, five times。

    AB兩事物的比較,有兩種句型:

    1.主系表結(jié)構(gòu):

    (1)A is N times +adj.比較級 than B

    This room is twice bigger than that one.

    (2)A is N times as +adj. 原級 as Bendprint

    This room is twice as big as that one.

    (3)A is N times the +n. (adj.相對應(yīng)的,如 size, length, etc) of B

    ->A is N times Bs +n.

    This room is twice the size of that one.

    2.主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu):

    (1)主語+ 謂語(及物動詞)+N times+as much/many +賓語(可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞) (+狀語)as +比較對象

    It discharges three times as much water as the St. Lawrnce.

    它流出的水量有圣勞倫斯河的三倍那么多。

    An SUV will release twice as much carbon dioxide a day as an ordinary car.

    一輛SUV一天的二氧化碳排放量是普通汽車的兩倍。

    (2)主語+ 謂語(及物動詞)+N times +more+賓語(可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞) (+狀語) than +比較對象

    The government plans to build three times more buildings this year than last year.

    17.Which of the following italicized parts is used as an object? (2011-58)

    A. What do you think has happened to her?

    B. Who do you think the visiting professor is?

    C. How much do you think he earns every month?

    D. How quickly would you say he would come?

    解析:答案為C。此題與2009年第64題雷同。A作主語,B作表語,D作狀語。

    18.Which of the following italicized parts is a subject clause (主語從句)? (2011-60)

    A.We are quite certain that we will get there in time.

    B.He has to face the fact that there will be no pay rise this year.

    C.She said that she had seen the man earlier that morning.

    D.It is sheer luck that the miners are still alive after ten days.

    解析:答案為D??疾槊~從句用法,D項中It作形式主語,that引導(dǎo)的從句作真正的主語。A為形容詞賓語從句,B為同位語從句,C為動詞賓語從句。

    19.In the sentence “The manager interviewed Jim himself in the morning”, the italicized word is used to modify (2011-62)

    A. the object. B. the verb.

    C. the subject. D. the prepositional phrase.

    解析:答案C。本題考查反身代詞(Reflexive Form)的用法。根據(jù)語境判斷題干中的himself為強調(diào)主語manager,意為“經(jīng)理親自”。反身代詞作同位語屬于強調(diào)性用法,這時反身代詞要重讀;如果反身代詞是強調(diào)主語,則其位置比較靈活。例如:The manager himself will interview Lucy. The manager will interview Lucy himself.當(dāng)反身代詞不是強調(diào)主語,而是強調(diào)句子其他成分時,其位置只能直接跟在被強調(diào)的成分之后。例如:I spoke to the president himself. I like the diamond itself but not the setting. 用反身代詞作同位語,要注意避免某些歧義現(xiàn)象。例如:Mrs Smith will go and see Nancy herself. ? He spoke to the president himself.

    三、結(jié)語

    作為英語專業(yè)基礎(chǔ)階段測試英語水平的權(quán)威考試,英語專業(yè)四級考試中所體現(xiàn)的命題規(guī)律,對英語專業(yè)低年級學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)教學(xué)具有以下指導(dǎo)意義:

    1.縱觀近幾年的考題可以發(fā)現(xiàn),某些語法項目考題有一定的重復(fù)率,鑒于此,在每一章節(jié)語法知識講完后,除了整體回顧本章節(jié)的語法知識、通過課后習(xí)題進行練習(xí)外,還可以用真題進行考查,幫助學(xué)生分析、梳理歷年真題中對本章節(jié)內(nèi)容進行考查的方式,熟悉語法規(guī)則,明晰語法概念,以此檢驗對內(nèi)容掌握的牢固程度。

    2.近幾年英語專業(yè)四級考試逐漸加大了對語法術(shù)語的考查力度,同時考查的語法項目范圍不斷加大,不再局限于所謂的重點項目,而是涉及一些非?;A(chǔ)的如限定詞的使用等。因此,在教學(xué)實踐中,教師應(yīng)強調(diào)語法術(shù)語的識記,提高學(xué)生的重視程度,熟練掌握常考語法術(shù)語。同時,除了在教學(xué)中側(cè)重??急貍湔Z法知識要點外,還要加強對語法書中例句的熟悉,因為選項往往是對書中例句的改寫。英語專業(yè)四級測試的不僅僅是學(xué)生是否掌握了語法規(guī)則,更要讓學(xué)生掌握語法規(guī)則以后能夠運用這些規(guī)則指導(dǎo)語言實踐活動,從而真正提高學(xué)生的語言使用技能。endprint

    3.英語專業(yè)基礎(chǔ)階段的詞匯教學(xué)應(yīng)受到更多的關(guān)注,特別是在低年級的綜合英語教學(xué)中。英國語言學(xué)家威爾金斯(D. Wilkins)說:“沒有語法,人們可以表達的事物寥寥無幾;而沒有詞匯,人們則無法表達任何事物?!钡⒄Z詞匯的數(shù)量(超過 200 萬個,并以每年至少 850個新詞速度增加)和豐富度(世界上現(xiàn)存的5000多種語言中詞匯最豐富的語言之一)往往讓人望詞生畏,在傳統(tǒng)的學(xué)習(xí)模式中,學(xué)生和教師都僅僅重視詞匯的漢語意義和搭配,從對專業(yè)四級考試中詞匯測試內(nèi)容及其比重的數(shù)據(jù)分析可以看出,不同詞類的詞匯、同一詞匯的不同意義詞的構(gòu)成等應(yīng)成為詞匯學(xué)習(xí)和教學(xué)的重點。

    英語專業(yè)四級一直在英語專業(yè)學(xué)生心目中占有很高的位置,特別是有很多高校把英語專業(yè)四級的成績直接與能否畢業(yè)掛鉤,因此很多英語專業(yè)學(xué)生把順利通過專四定為進入大學(xué)后英語學(xué)習(xí)的第一個目標。教師在具體教學(xué)實踐中,既要幫助學(xué)生掌握語法規(guī)則,又要幫助學(xué)生學(xué)會運用規(guī)則指導(dǎo)語言實踐活動,切實有效地促進學(xué)生英語綜合應(yīng)用能力的全面提高,這樣才能培養(yǎng)出合格的高級應(yīng)用型英語人才。

    參考文獻:

    [1]Crowther, J., Dignen,S.& Lea, D. Oxford Collocations Dictionary for Students of English [M].北京:外語教學(xué)與研究出版社,2003.

    [2] Della Summers, D. Longman Dictionary of English Language &.Culture (English-Chinese) [M]. 北京:商務(wù)印書館,2005.

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