楊紅 趙雯桐 莫林輝 李波
摘要:鋼筋混凝土梁柱組合體試驗結果表明節(jié)點內縱筋滑移和節(jié)點剪切變形對組合體的抗震性能有明顯影響,但框架的非彈性地震反應分析一般忽略了節(jié)點非彈性變形的影響.為了模擬節(jié)點區(qū)非彈性變形的影響,在纖維模型基礎上采用在梁端附加零長度截面單元的方法,并通過σs本構模型考慮節(jié)點內梁縱筋粘結滑移,以及通過σsslip-shear本構模型同時考慮節(jié)點內縱筋滑移和節(jié)點剪切變形.考察了典型平面框架在罕遇地震下的非線性反應,對比分析了節(jié)點非彈性變形對框架整體和局部反應的影響.結果表明,考慮節(jié)點非彈性變形之后結構的最大頂點位移、最大層間位移角將增大或僅略有變化,梁端、柱端塑性鉸數(shù)量將減少,梁、柱的轉角延性需求總體而言將減?。坏卣鹱饔孟驴蚣芄?jié)點距離剪切失效尚有一定安全儲備.框架地震反應大時忽略節(jié)點非彈性變形將導致明顯誤差,地震反應較小時可采用不考慮節(jié)點非彈性變形的常規(guī)有限元分析模型.
關鍵詞:鋼筋混凝土;節(jié)點;縱筋滑移;剪切變形;框架結構
中圖分類號:TU375.4;TU313.3 文獻標識碼:A
Abstract: Experiment results of RC beamcolumn subassemblage show that the slippage of the longitudinal bar within joint and shear deformation of joint have significant influence on the seismic behavior of the subassemblage, but this kind of joint inelastic deformations has always been ignored in the seismic response analysis of RC frames. In order to simulate the effect of the inelastic deformations of beamcolumn joints, a zerolength section element was combined to the ends of the beam based on the fiber model. Longitudinal bar slippage was modeled with stressslippage constitutive model, while stressequivalent slippage constitutive model was adopted to simulate longitudinal bar slippage and joint shear deformation simultaneously. Nonlinear responses of a typical RC planar frame under rare earthquake excitations were investigated, and the effect of joint inelastic deformations on the global and local responses of the frame was analyzed contrastively. The results show that the maximum top displacements and maximum interstory drift ratios increase or change slightly, the quantities of the plastic hinge of the beam and the column ends decrease, and the rotation ductility demand of the beam and the column decreases as a whole when joint inelastic deformations are considered. There is a certain safety margin for the joints of the frame to avoid shear failure. Ignoring joint inelastic deformations will result in significant errors if the seismic response of RC frame is large, and the ordinary finite element model of ignoring joint inelastic deformations can be adopted if the seismic response of the structure is relatively small.
Key words: reinforced concrete; joint; longitudinal bar slippage; shear deformation; frame structure
節(jié)點區(qū)非彈性變形主要包括節(jié)點內梁縱筋粘結滑移和節(jié)點剪切變形.鋼筋混凝土梁柱組合體試驗結果表明\[1\],節(jié)點非彈性變形受軸壓比、剪壓比、配箍特征值等多個節(jié)點參數(shù)綜合影響,規(guī)律較為復雜;節(jié)點非彈性變形在組合體受力后期會變得越來越明顯,臨近節(jié)點剪切失效時由節(jié)點非彈性變形所導致的梁端附加轉角可達梁端總轉角的50%以上.由于框架中各單元的關聯(lián)方式更復雜、地震作用與低周反復試驗的加載方式存在差別等,節(jié)點非彈性變形對結構強震非彈性反應的影響規(guī)律并不與節(jié)點試驗完全相同.
目前對結構進行非彈性動力反應分析一般忽略了節(jié)點非彈性變形的影響,其原因既是國內外尚缺乏意見較為統(tǒng)一的節(jié)點非彈性變形滯回模型,同時當節(jié)點區(qū)縱筋滑移、剪切變形分別采用獨立的非彈性單元模擬時增加了有限元建模的復雜性.
在作者已建立的可同時考慮節(jié)點內縱筋滑移和節(jié)點剪切變形恢復力模型的基礎上,采用能與纖維模型良好對接的節(jié)點變形計算模型,分析了節(jié)點非彈性變形對鋼筋混凝土框架強震反應的影響,并通過與節(jié)點試驗結果進行對比,驗證了節(jié)點區(qū)非彈性變形簡化模型化方法用于結構整體的可行性.
1節(jié)點非彈性變形的簡化模型化方法
常規(guī)的節(jié)點非彈性變形模型化方法是采用獨立的非彈性單元分別模擬節(jié)點內縱筋滑移、節(jié)點剪切變形.Filippou等\[2\]、楊紅等\[3\]通過在梁端附加專門的非彈性轉動彈簧模擬節(jié)點內梁縱筋滑移的影響,并分析了縱筋滑移對構件、結構地震反應的影響;Fernandes等\[4\]采用相同方法模擬了梁縱筋采用光圓鋼筋時滑移對節(jié)點受力性能的影響;上述模型化方法均未考慮與纖維模型的協(xié)調.高文生\[5\]在纖維模型的基礎上,通過在梁端附加單獨考慮縱筋滑移的零長度截面單元模擬了節(jié)點內縱筋滑移的影響,其不足之處在于所采用的滑移本構模型是基于單根鋼筋的拉拔試驗而得到,無法體現(xiàn)縱筋在節(jié)點內的復雜受力、錨固環(huán)境.以上分析均未考慮節(jié)點剪切變形的影響.王連坤等\[6\]采用16結點殼單元和子結構法考慮了鋼框架節(jié)點區(qū)剪切變形的影響,但節(jié)點區(qū)仍有4~6個結點.Favvata等\[7\]和Park等\[8\]均采用了在邊節(jié)點處增設非線性轉動彈簧的方法,并通過彎矩轉角關系綜合考慮了節(jié)點剪切變形和梁縱筋滑移的影響,但該方法僅適用于邊節(jié)點,且不能考慮柱端屈服的受力情況.Lowes等\[9\]和Mitra等\[10\]將節(jié)點核心區(qū)等效為二維非彈性應變場,并用1個剪切分量和4個界面剪切分量分別模擬節(jié)點核心區(qū)的非彈性剪切效應和節(jié)點周邊界面?zhèn)鬟f剪力性能的退化,同時采用8個非彈性單元并按與文獻\[5\]類似的方法模擬縱筋滑移,這種“超級節(jié)點”力學模型復雜、考慮因素全面,適用于節(jié)點局部受力的模擬;但是當用于整體結構分析時由于節(jié)點編號復雜、模型參數(shù)確定困難、計算量大幅度增加、迭代收斂困難等直接影響了實際應用.因此,簡便、合理的節(jié)點非彈性變形模型化方法對結構強震分析有重要意義.
本文采用的方法以纖維模型為基礎.以圖1所示中間節(jié)點為例,其中用非線性桿單元(可采用基于纖維模型的各種非線性單元力學模型)模擬構件自身的彎曲效應,非線性桿單元端部附加的零長度截面單元可僅考慮節(jié)點內縱筋滑移的影響或者同時考慮節(jié)點內縱筋滑移和節(jié)點剪切變形的影響.該零長度截面單元與相鄰桿單元端部截面的配筋、截面尺寸相同,且縱筋、混凝土在截面上的纖維劃分方法也均相同,但與非線性桿單元各積分控制截面的鋼筋纖維均采用鋼筋的單軸應力應變(σε)材料本構模型不同的是,零長度截面單元的鋼筋纖維的本構模型采用鋼筋應力滑移(σs)模型、應力等效滑移(σsslipshear)本構模型\[11\],其中s,sslipshear分別代表構件端部縱筋相對于節(jié)點表面的滑移量、等效滑移量.本文建立的上述模型化方法與前述其他方法的區(qū)別在于其力學模型簡單、節(jié)點單獨編號少、計算量增加少,且σsslipshear本構模型可同時考慮節(jié)點區(qū)兩種非彈性變形的影響.
5結論
根據典型平面框架在7條地震波作用下分別采用3種不同的考慮節(jié)點非彈性變形影響的計算模型所得的非彈性反應,得到以下結論.
1) 框架非彈性地震反應不大時,不考慮節(jié)點非彈性變形的常規(guī)有限元模型所得的結構最大頂點水平位移、最大層間位移角誤差小.當框架非彈性地震反應較大時,不考慮節(jié)點內梁縱筋滑移及節(jié)點剪切變形會明顯低估結構的最大頂點水平位移、最大層間位移角.
2) 考慮節(jié)點內梁縱筋滑移及節(jié)點剪切變形后,梁、柱的轉角延性需求呈總體性減小的特征;但與梁柱組合體試驗結果不同的規(guī)律是,框架中少量構件的轉角延性需求有明顯增大的現(xiàn)象.
3) 按我國現(xiàn)行規(guī)范設計的配置HRB400鋼筋的8度0.2g區(qū)二級抗震框架,即使地震反應較大,非線性變形最大的節(jié)點距離節(jié)點剪切失效仍有一定的安全儲備.
4) 當按常規(guī)模型計算所得最大層間位移角不大時,可近似忽略節(jié)點非彈性變形的影響;當常規(guī)分析方法所得最大層間位移角較大時,不考慮節(jié)點非彈性變形的計算結果誤差較大,會明顯估低部分構件的轉角延性需求和最大層間位移角.
5) 上述節(jié)點非彈性變形對框架強震反應的影響規(guī)律有待整體框架的試驗驗證.
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[4]FERNANDES C, VARUM H, COSTA A. Importance of the bondslip mechanism in the numerical simulation of the cyclic response of RC elements with plain reinforcing bars\[J\]. Engineering Structures, 2013,56(11):396-406.
[5]高文生.考慮鋼筋粘結滑移影響的鋼筋混凝土框架地震反應分析\[D\] .重慶:重慶大學土木工程學院,2008:37-53.
GAO Wensheng. The seismic responses analysis of RC frame including bondslip \[D\] . Chongqing: College of Civil Engineering, Chongqing University, 2008:37-53. (In Chinese)
[6]王連坤,郝際平,張俊峰,等.鋼框架分析中考慮結點區(qū)變形的子結構法\[J\].湖南大學學報:自然科學版,2008,38(4):17-22.
WANG Liankun, HAO Jiping, ZHANG Junfeng, et al. Substructure method considering panel zone deformation in the steel frame\[J\]. Journal of Hunan University: Natural Sciences, 2008,38(4):17-22.(In Chinese)
[7]FAVVATA M J, IZZUDDIN B A, KARAYANNIS C G. Modelling exterior beamcolumn joints for seismic analysis of RC frame structures\[J\]. Earthquake Engineering and Structure Dynamics, 2008,37(13):1527-1548.
[8]PARK K M. Simulation of reinforced concrete frames with nonductile beamcolumn joints\[J\]. Earthquake Spectra, 2013, 29(1):233-257.
[9]LOWES L N, ALTOONTASH A. Modeling reinforced concrete beamcolumn joints subjected to cyclic loading\[J\]. Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, 2003,129(12):1686-1697.
[10]MITRA N, LOWES L N. Evaluation, calibration, and verification of a reinforced concrete beamcolumn joint model\[J\]. Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, 2007,133(1):105-120.
[11]楊紅,莫林輝,陳進可,等.鋼筋混凝土梁柱節(jié)點區(qū)非彈性變形的改進模型研究\[J\].建筑結構學報,2014,35(3):128-137.
YANG Hong, MO Linhui, CHEN Jinke, et al. Study on modified models for inelastic deformations of reinforced concrete beamcolumn joints\[J\]. Journal of Building Structures, 2014,35(3):128-137. (In Chinese)
[12]MAZZONI S, MCKENNA F, SCOTT M H, et al. Open system for earthquake engineering simulation users commandlanguage manual\[EB/OL\].http://opensees.berkeley.edu/OpenSees/manuals/usermanual/,2009-5-2/2013-8-20.
[13]KENT D C, PARK R. Flexural members with confined concrete\[J\]. Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, 1971,97(ST7):1969-1990.
[14]SCOTT B D, PARK R, PRIESTLEY M J N. Stressstrain behavior of concrete confined by overlapping hoops at low and high strain rates\[J\]. ACI Journal, 1982,79(1):13-27.
[15]FILIPPOU F C, POPOV E P, BERTERO V V. Nonlinear static and dynamic analysis of concrete subassemblages\[R\]. Berkeley: University of California at Berkeley, EERC Report No. 92/08, 1992.
[16]LIMKATANYU S, SPACONE E. Effects of reinforcement slippage on the nonlinear response under cyclic loadings of RC frame structures\[J\]. Earthquake Engineering and Structure Dynamics, 2003,32:2407-2424.
[4]FERNANDES C, VARUM H, COSTA A. Importance of the bondslip mechanism in the numerical simulation of the cyclic response of RC elements with plain reinforcing bars\[J\]. Engineering Structures, 2013,56(11):396-406.
[5]高文生.考慮鋼筋粘結滑移影響的鋼筋混凝土框架地震反應分析\[D\] .重慶:重慶大學土木工程學院,2008:37-53.
GAO Wensheng. The seismic responses analysis of RC frame including bondslip \[D\] . Chongqing: College of Civil Engineering, Chongqing University, 2008:37-53. (In Chinese)
[6]王連坤,郝際平,張俊峰,等.鋼框架分析中考慮結點區(qū)變形的子結構法\[J\].湖南大學學報:自然科學版,2008,38(4):17-22.
WANG Liankun, HAO Jiping, ZHANG Junfeng, et al. Substructure method considering panel zone deformation in the steel frame\[J\]. Journal of Hunan University: Natural Sciences, 2008,38(4):17-22.(In Chinese)
[7]FAVVATA M J, IZZUDDIN B A, KARAYANNIS C G. Modelling exterior beamcolumn joints for seismic analysis of RC frame structures\[J\]. Earthquake Engineering and Structure Dynamics, 2008,37(13):1527-1548.
[8]PARK K M. Simulation of reinforced concrete frames with nonductile beamcolumn joints\[J\]. Earthquake Spectra, 2013, 29(1):233-257.
[9]LOWES L N, ALTOONTASH A. Modeling reinforced concrete beamcolumn joints subjected to cyclic loading\[J\]. Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, 2003,129(12):1686-1697.
[10]MITRA N, LOWES L N. Evaluation, calibration, and verification of a reinforced concrete beamcolumn joint model\[J\]. Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, 2007,133(1):105-120.
[11]楊紅,莫林輝,陳進可,等.鋼筋混凝土梁柱節(jié)點區(qū)非彈性變形的改進模型研究\[J\].建筑結構學報,2014,35(3):128-137.
YANG Hong, MO Linhui, CHEN Jinke, et al. Study on modified models for inelastic deformations of reinforced concrete beamcolumn joints\[J\]. Journal of Building Structures, 2014,35(3):128-137. (In Chinese)
[12]MAZZONI S, MCKENNA F, SCOTT M H, et al. Open system for earthquake engineering simulation users commandlanguage manual\[EB/OL\].http://opensees.berkeley.edu/OpenSees/manuals/usermanual/,2009-5-2/2013-8-20.
[13]KENT D C, PARK R. Flexural members with confined concrete\[J\]. Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, 1971,97(ST7):1969-1990.
[14]SCOTT B D, PARK R, PRIESTLEY M J N. Stressstrain behavior of concrete confined by overlapping hoops at low and high strain rates\[J\]. ACI Journal, 1982,79(1):13-27.
[15]FILIPPOU F C, POPOV E P, BERTERO V V. Nonlinear static and dynamic analysis of concrete subassemblages\[R\]. Berkeley: University of California at Berkeley, EERC Report No. 92/08, 1992.
[16]LIMKATANYU S, SPACONE E. Effects of reinforcement slippage on the nonlinear response under cyclic loadings of RC frame structures\[J\]. Earthquake Engineering and Structure Dynamics, 2003,32:2407-2424.