丁志良+鄧佳南
摘 要 膝骨關(guān)節(jié)炎是導(dǎo)致老年人膝關(guān)節(jié)功能障礙的主要原因之一,本文綜述近20年膝骨關(guān)節(jié)炎的流行病學(xué)及危險(xiǎn)因素,希望能對(duì)國內(nèi)膝骨關(guān)節(jié)炎研究提供新的思路。
關(guān)鍵詞 膝骨關(guān)節(jié)炎 危險(xiǎn)因素
中圖分類號(hào):R684.3 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A 文章編號(hào):1006-1533(2014)18-0032-03
Progress of research on risk factors of knee osteoarthritis
DING Zhiliang1 DENG Jianan1
(1. Fenglin Community Health Service Center of Xuhui District, Shanghai 200030 China)
Abstract: The knee osteoarthritis is one of the causes of knee dysfunction in elderly peoples.The epidemiological studies on knee osteoarthritis in recent 20 years and the risk factors are reriewed to provide some new ideas for the future study.
KEY WORDS knee osteoarthritis; risk factors; review
膝骨性關(guān)節(jié)炎(knee osteoarthritis, KOA)是多因素共同作用的慢性關(guān)節(jié)病。其特征為關(guān)節(jié)軟骨組織的退行性變,關(guān)節(jié)邊緣骨贅形成和軟骨下骨質(zhì)反應(yīng)性改變。臨床表現(xiàn)主要為膝關(guān)節(jié)疼痛,活動(dòng)功能受限,嚴(yán)重者出現(xiàn)膝關(guān)節(jié)內(nèi)、外翻畸形和行走困難。KOA已成為最常見和最重要的關(guān)節(jié)疾病之一[1-2],國外報(bào)道1/3的老年人存在膝關(guān)節(jié)疼痛,且嚴(yán)重影響生活[3]。20年前,美國老年人因KOA失去勞動(dòng)能力的危險(xiǎn)性高于其他疾病[4]。隨著社會(huì)老齡化進(jìn)程,國內(nèi)KOA患者數(shù)正逐步增加。由于KOA的發(fā)病因素復(fù)雜多樣,使其預(yù)防工作十分嚴(yán)峻。因此,了解相關(guān)危險(xiǎn)因素對(duì)KOA的防治具有重要意義。
年齡和性別
年齡一直是公認(rèn)的KOA發(fā)病最主要危險(xiǎn)因素之一。Vignon等[5]的尸解研究表明,老年股骨細(xì)胞密度明顯下降,從20歲至90歲,股骨頭細(xì)胞數(shù)量下降約40%。軟骨細(xì)胞的丟失可能由于軟骨細(xì)胞死亡或細(xì)胞失去有效復(fù)制的結(jié)果。Kempson等[6]的研究認(rèn)為,淺層關(guān)節(jié)軟骨抗張強(qiáng)度在3O-40歲時(shí)達(dá)到高峰,此后隨年齡增長而顯著下降,深層關(guān)節(jié)軟骨抗張強(qiáng)度也隨年齡增長持續(xù)下降。據(jù)Hurley等 [7]調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn),50歲人體骨骼肌數(shù)量將以l0%/10年的速度遞減,60至70歲時(shí)每年下降將近l5%;以后肌力將每年下降30%。年齡的增長不僅對(duì)人體骨與軟骨組織的影響巨大,而且也影響膝關(guān)節(jié)的本體感覺[8],導(dǎo)致功能下降。Hurley等[9]的研究表明,膝關(guān)節(jié)功能障礙和本體感覺減退之間存在顯著相關(guān)性。此外,作為KOA最主要癥狀之一的疼痛,還隨著年齡增長,表現(xiàn)出更多局限性或彌散性[10]。
研究表明,女性KOA的患病率明顯高于男性。膝關(guān)節(jié)疼痛作為KOA的主要癥狀也表現(xiàn)出顯著的性別差異[11]。國外對(duì)全膝置換術(shù)后患者的大樣本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),較嚴(yán)重術(shù)后痛多發(fā)生于女性,高于男性36%[12]。由于男性和女性膝關(guān)節(jié)解剖學(xué)、運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)的不同 ,以及激素影響的差異,使得女性更容易患KOA[13]。
肥胖
肥胖是KOA的公認(rèn)危險(xiǎn)因素。有充分證據(jù)表明,肥胖增加患KOA的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[14-17]。肥胖不僅增加膝關(guān)節(jié)的載荷,而且其導(dǎo)致的激素和代謝紊亂在KOA的發(fā)生發(fā)展中,起重要的促進(jìn)作用[18-19]。對(duì)全膝置換術(shù)患者的最新研究發(fā)現(xiàn),肥胖的KOA患者更容易發(fā)生各類并發(fā)癥,建議需要手術(shù)的KOA患者接受術(shù)前減肥課程的教育[20]。
股四頭肌肌力下降
股四頭肌的肌力與老年人的下肢功能密切相關(guān)。在KOA發(fā)病的重要因素中,主要有肌肉力量、膝關(guān)節(jié)痛、體質(zhì)量指數(shù)。肌肉力量在嚴(yán)重的KOA患者中起很重要作用[21]。在KOA患者中,始終存在股四頭肌肌力下降。研究表明,股四頭肌肌力強(qiáng)能降低KOA發(fā)生的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。而且,股四頭肌肌力強(qiáng)能減少膝關(guān)節(jié)狹窄的發(fā)生率[22],減少軟骨與骨質(zhì)的流失,降低關(guān)節(jié)炎的發(fā)病率,增加關(guān)節(jié)的穩(wěn)定性[23]。
職業(yè)危險(xiǎn)因素
研究表明,工作中經(jīng)常采取下蹲姿勢(shì)與重體力職業(yè)對(duì)KOA的發(fā)生發(fā)展都起促進(jìn)作用[24-27]。對(duì)德國健康保險(xiǎn)數(shù)據(jù)庫2 620萬名員工的分析發(fā)現(xiàn), 增加膝關(guān)節(jié)負(fù)擔(dān)的職業(yè)容易導(dǎo)致KOA的發(fā)生[28]。雖然職業(yè)與KOA的相關(guān)研究一直是爭論的焦點(diǎn),但尚無有說服力的證據(jù)表明職業(yè)對(duì)KOA的影響。然而,因職業(yè)導(dǎo)致的個(gè)體差異和生活習(xí)慣的不同,如肥胖、業(yè)余時(shí)間的生活習(xí)慣、吸煙等,在KOA的整個(gè)病程中起重要作用[29]。
劇烈運(yùn)動(dòng)和關(guān)節(jié)損傷
毋庸置疑,體育鍛煉對(duì)健康有積極影響。在KOA的所有治療方法中,功能鍛煉是最被推崇的非藥理方法[30]。雖然資料表明,適度的運(yùn)動(dòng)并不增加中老年人患KOA的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),然而劇烈運(yùn)動(dòng)卻會(huì)引起關(guān)節(jié)損傷。膝關(guān)節(jié)損傷是KOA的重要危險(xiǎn)因素[31]。而且研究證明,前交叉韌帶的損傷會(huì)增加KOA的發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[32]。過去,國外對(duì)KOA與運(yùn)動(dòng)的相關(guān)性研究存在諸多矛盾結(jié)果。部分研究表明,運(yùn)動(dòng)導(dǎo)致較高的KOA或髖骨關(guān)節(jié)炎的風(fēng)險(xiǎn), 而另一些則顯示兩者無相關(guān)性。但最新的研究證實(shí),低強(qiáng)度和中強(qiáng)度的功能鍛煉能明顯改善功能和膝關(guān)節(jié)疼痛,從而增加KOA患者的生活質(zhì)量[33]。
綜上所述,KOA的危險(xiǎn)因素很多。除了上述因素外,還有營養(yǎng)因素(Vit D缺少)、基因缺陷(ADAM12和白細(xì)胞介素-1受體拮抗劑基因的改變)[34-35]、滑膜炎等眾多機(jī)械性與生物性因素。國外對(duì)骨關(guān)節(jié)病治療的十年以上研究認(rèn)為,KOA僅有有效緩解的方案,但無法從根本上阻止其發(fā)展。因此,預(yù)防KOA的發(fā)生成為目前國內(nèi)外研究的重點(diǎn)和熱點(diǎn)。對(duì)KOA危險(xiǎn)因素的進(jìn)一步探究,有助于預(yù)防KOA的發(fā)生。國外研究證明,中、低強(qiáng)度的功能鍛煉能有效增強(qiáng)下肢肌力,增加關(guān)節(jié)功能,緩解疼痛,改善患者的生活質(zhì)量。這些研究對(duì)我國預(yù)防KOA的發(fā)生發(fā)展具有指導(dǎo)意義。在社區(qū)選擇何種體育鍛煉進(jìn)行KOA的預(yù)防,將成為今后研究的方向之一。endprint
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(收稿日期:2013-10-29)endprint