Testing and analysis of rainwater quality in Shenyang

Zhang Licheng Lan Yu Cheng Yanan Dang Wei

(1School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering， Shenyang Jianzhu University， Shenyang 110168， China)

(2Architectural Design and Research Institute， Shenyang Jianzhu University， Shenyang 110168， China)

W ater resource scarcity has appeared in the majority of cities at present;however，rain resource is relatively abundant［1-3］.With the application and development of rainwater recyclings at home and abroad，more and more scholars begin to deeply analyze the urban rainwater quality.In practical applications， we can analyze the changes in the indicators of rainwater runoff to determine the impacts of rainwater runoff on aquatic organisms in receiving waters and public health，which provides the premise and foundation of rainwater utilization.For cities，rainwater utilization not only refers to the use and conservation of water resources，but also includes controlling the flood caused by urban rainfall，restraining the decline of the water content and preventing the runoff pollution［4-6］.In recent years， many countries such as the United States， France， Germany and Japan have developed different methods of treatment and utilization for different water quality［7-12］.At the same time， the rainwater runoff was also analyzed in Beijing and other cities in China［13-16］.

This paper aims at detecting the quality of rainwater in Shenyang，Liaoning province and analyzing the indicators of rainwater.The collected water samples including rainwater from building roofs，community runoff and municipal outlet provide a wide and strong representation，which lays the foundation for the implementation of rainwater utilization technology in the future.

1 Material and Methods

1.1 Sample collection

1.1.1 Sampling sites

The sampling sites of this study are selected mainly in the Hunnan New District，including Shenyang Jianzhu University，the residential community near the university and Changqing bridge.Shenyang Jianzhu University covers an area of 100 ha and a building area of 480 000 m2.The Changqing Bridge stretches across the Hunhe River，and the water samples are taken from the rain outlet near the bridge.The sampling sites of the building roof are located in the first canteen and the gallery in the university.The three sampling sites of community runoff are located in the beginning of rain pipe and the rainwater outlet in the university， and in a residential zone.Municipal runoff is collected from the rainwater outlet of Changqing bridge.

1.1.2 Acquisition time

The rain detection lasted for one year from August 2011 to August 2012.The sampling time is mainly concentrated in the rainy summer.Samples are also collected in the spring and autumn.

1.1.3 Acquisition method

The runoff rainwater of roof，road and municipal outlets was collected independently.The roof rainwater was collected under the rain pipes.The road rainwater was collected from rain water manholes.Municipal runoff rainwater was collected from the municipal outlet.This study took one sample every 10 min for the first 30 min.The water samples were put into plastic bottles and marked.If water samples were collected at night，they would be refrigerated immediately and detected the next day.

1.2 Indicators for monitoring and analysis of water samples

The sampling methods and the determination of rainwa-ter quality indicators are in accordance with Ref.［17］.UV/Vis spectrophotometer，electro-thermostatic blast oven，electronic balance and other equipment are used to detect COD，SS，-N，N-N，-P，F(xiàn)e3+and Mn2+.COD is detected by the method of potassium dichromate.SS is detected by the gravimetric method.-N is detected by the method of Nessler's reagent spectrophotometry.-N is detected by the method of N-(1-naphthy)-ethylenediamine spectrophotometric.-P is detected by the method of molybdenum blue spectrophotometry.Fe3+is detected by the method of forest brown Rollins.Mn2+is detected by the method of formaldehyde oxime law.

2 Results and Discussion

2.1 General analysis of rainwater pollutant indicators in Shenyang

By testing the quality of rainwater from August 28，2011 to August 28，2012， it is found that the main pollutants in urban rainwater are COD，SS and-N.And the concentrations of-N，-P，F(xiàn)e3+and Mn2+are low.The sample test results of runoff water on the roof， community and municipal outlet are listed in Tab.1.

Tab.1 The range of rainwater indicators in Shenyang mg/L

Tab.1 lists the range and the average value of the rainwater pollution indicators in Shenyang.The concentrations of roof rainwater pollutant were lower than those of the other underlying surface conditions，which led to a better quality of water.The water quality of the municipal outlet is the worst.The concentrations of COD and SS are relatively high，because the outlet adopts many kinds of rain from roof， community runoff and road， etc.The contact among the pedestrians， non-motor， motor vehicles and the road can increase the accumulation of pollutants which are mixed into the rain.Considering the rainwater utilization，the road rainwater is not suitable for recycling because of its bad rainwater quality，difficulties of collection and high cost for collection.However， it is convenient to collect and reuse the rainwater of roofs with good rainwater quality.

2.2 Analysis of water pollution indicators of different sampling points in Shenyang

After comparing the testing data of rainfall，the data of August 28th， 2012 is taken as the analysis data.

2.2.1 Building roofs

The water quality of stormwater runoff changes complicatedly.The water quality of building roofs is affected by temperature， roofing materials， the time interval of rainfall， rainfall intensity and other factors.So the sampling points should be representative.This paper chooses the roofs of the first canteen and the gallery.The first canteen is covered by cement;the gallery is throughout the school and covered by the marble.Figs.1 and 2 describe the changing rules of rainwater indicators of two different roofs.The pollutant concentrations of the rainwater decrease with the duration of the rainfall.But the rainwater of the roofs that have diverse materials are different.By the data of the survey，the pollutant indicators of the canteen roof are lower than those of the gallery roof.The main reason is due to the special geographical location of the gallery.It runs through the entire school， so there is a large flow of people every day，which has caused a great impact on the quality of rainwater.

Fig.1 Changing rules of rainwater indicators of the first canteen roof in the university

Fig.2 Changing rules of rainwater indicators of the gallery roof in the university

2.2.2 Community runoff

Fig.3 Changing rules of COD and SS at different community sampling sites

Fig.4 Changing rules of NH4+-N，NO2－-N，PO34－-P at different community sampling sites

Fig.5 Changing rules of Fe3+and Mn2+at different community sampling sites

Figs.3 to 5 show the changing rules of rainwater of different community runoffs，which are similar to those of the building roofs.In the figures， site 1 represents rain outlet in the university，site 2 represents the beginning of the rain pipe in the university and site 3 represents the community.The pollutant concentrations of the rainfall decrease with the duration of the rainfall.The rainwater of different community runoffs also has the characteristics that the longer the intervals between rainfalls，the higher the concentrations of the pollutant.Overall， compared with the water quality of the roof runoff，community runoff is poor.Because the community runoff is equivalent to road runoff，the community runoff will be impacted by automobile exhaust， tire wear， fuel oil， rust and road surface wear and the quality will be polluted.At the same time， it can also be mixed with some pollutants， such as dust， sand and crushed garbage， etc.

Fig.3 shows the changing rules of COD and SS of the community runoff.It can be seen from the figure that COD and SS of the three sampling sites are high.SS has little difference，but COD has big distinction among these sites.COD of the rain outlet in the university is the highest，followed by the community and the beginning of the rain pipe in turn.High COD and SS may be caused by sudden strong wind and rainfall，and the rainwater with some pollutants from the roof and ground may be mixed with the sewage， dust and small garbage， etc.Fig.4 shows the concentration change rules of NH4+-N，NO2－-N and PO34－-P.The indicators of the community are lower than those in the university.With the continuation of the rainfall，the contents of NH4+-N，NO2－-N and PO34－-P change greatly.At the beginning of the rainfall， the contents are high due to the rain scouring.Then the contents gradually decrease，which indicates that these indicators in rainwater are not high naturally.Fig.5 reflects the changing rules of Fe3+and Mn2+.The measured values of each sampling site are small and haves little distinction，which means that the contents of Fe3+and Mn2+in the rainwater have little impact on the water quality.

2.2.3 Municipal outlet

The changing rules of rainwater indicators of the municipal rain outlet are shown in Fig.6.The trends of indicators of rainwater quality are the same as those of the other two types of sampling sites，but all the indicators are slightly higher than the standard，especially for COD，SS and NH4+-N.However， the contents of NO2－-N，PO34－-P，F(xiàn)e3+and Mn2+have little distinction.The municipal outlet assembles various kinds of rainwater togeth-er， so that it is mixed with washing water， sewage， dust，sand， and small garbage， which directly affects the contents of COD，SS and NH+4-N.

Fig.6 Changing rules of rainwater indicators of the Changqing bridge outlet

The rain capacity， rainfall duration， the polluted level of the road， the materials of roads and roofs， the quality of air regional location and other factors affect the rainwater quality［18-19］.SS plays an important role in the poor rainwater quality， especially in the initial stage rainfall.The removal of SS should be taken into consideration when rainwater is reclaimed.The discharge of the initial stage rainwater should be considered because the initial rainwater quality is bad，while the middle and late water quality is good and its treatment is easy.If the initial stage rainwater has not been discharged，the difficulty of rainwater treatment and the cost will greatly increase.The rainwater can be collected， respectively， during the recycle in view of the various water quality of different rainwater runoffs when the rainwater is utilized.But the discharge of initial stage rainwater will cause water pollution and affect the water quality.Therefore， whether the initial stage rainwater is treated or not should be further investigated.

3 Conclusions

1)The main contaminations in rainwater are COD and SS.The contents of COD and SS in the municipal outlet are the highest，which are 167 to 249 and 119 to 332 mg/L，respectively.The contents of COD and SS are 27 to 85 and 106 to 269 mg/L in community runoff，15 to 80 and 50 to 153 mg/L in the rainwater of building roofs.NH4+-N of the three sampling sites are 1.7 to 5.2， 3.7 to 18.2， and 5.2 to 25.6mg/L， but the contents of NO2－-N， PO34－-P， Fe3+and Mn2+are less than 1 mg/L.

2)With the increase in rainfall time at the same rainfall， pollutant concentrations of building roofs， community runoff and municipal outlet are relatively lower than those of the early concentrations.As for rainwater utilization， roof rainwater collection is convenient.It has better water quality and is more suitable for collecting and recycling.

3)The water quality of different material roofing is quite different.But when it achieves the stabilization， the difference is small.Surface water quality is relatively poor at the beginning of rainfall，but after prolonged rainfall， the quality of community runoff is better.However，the time required to reach a stable value is relatively long.

［1］Asano T， Levine A D.Wastewater reclamation，recycling and reuse:past，present and future［M/OL］.1998.http://www.eolss.net/ebooklib/ebookcontents/e2-14-themecontents.pdf.

［2］Wang Qing， Zhang Guanglu， Wang Xiaolei， et al.Investigation on utilization of rainwater resources in North Chinese cities ［J］.Water Resources Protection， 2009， 25(4):86-90.(in Chinese)

［3］Li Jingjing.Study on the key technology and engineering demonstration of rainwater collecting system ［D］.Zhenjiang:School of the Environment， Jiangsu University，2010.(in Chinese)

［4］Liu Yang， Li Junqi， Liu Hong， et al.Analysis and inspiration of stormwater management policies in New Zealand［J］.Urban Environment and Urban Ecology， 2007， 20(2):34-36.(in Chinese)

［5］Cheng Jiang， Xu Qixin， Yang Kai， et al.Comparison and inspiration of management system about foreign urban rainwater resource utilization ［J］.China Waterand Wastewater， 2007， 12(5):39-43.(in Chinese)

［6］Wang Huizhen， Wu Junqi.Technology and analysis of rainwater utilization in city ［J］.Industrial Water and Wastewater， 2007， 38(1):68-71.(in Chinese)

［7］Dikshit A K， Loucks D P.Estimation nonpoint pollutant loadings—Ⅰ:a geographical information-based nonpoint source simulation model ［J］.Journal of Environmental Systems， 1996， 24(4):395-408.

［8］Gromaire-Mertz M C， Garnaud S， Gonzalez A， et al.Characterisation of urban runoff pollution in Paris ［J］.Water Science and Technology， 1999， 39(2):1-8.

［9］Taylor M， Henkels J.Stormwater—best management practices:preparing for the next decade ［J］.Stormwater，2001， 2(7):1-11.

［10］Trauth K M， Adams D S.Watershed-based modeling with AGNPS for storm water management［J］.Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management， 2004， 130(3):206-214.

［11］Braden J B，Johnston D M.Downstream economic benefits from storm-water management［J］.Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management， 2004， 130(6):498-505.

［12］Zaizen M， Urakawa T， Matsumoto Y， et al.The collection of rainwater from dome stadiums in Japan ［J］.Urban Water， 2000， 1(4):355-359.

［13］Che Wu， Ou Lan， Wang Huizhen， et al.The quality and major influential factors of urban rainwater runoff in Beijing ［J］.Techniques and Equipment for Environmental Pollution Control， 2002， 3(1):33-37.(in Chinese)

［14］Che Wu， Tang Ningyuan， Zhang Wei， et al.Rainfall characteristics and rainwater utilization in Chinese Urban［J］.Water and Wastewater Engineering， 2007， 33(6):45-48.

［15］Guo Jing， Ma Lin， Shi Xinyuan， et al.Urban road monitoring and analysis of rainfall runoff in Beijing ［J］.Environmental Chemistry， 2011， 30(10):1814-1815.

［16］Zhang Na， Zhao Lejun， Li Tielong， et al.Water quality monitoring and pollution characteristics analysis of road runoff in Tianjin ［J］.Ecology and Environmental Sciences， 2009， 18(6):2127-2131.(in Chinese)

［17］State Environmental Protection Administration.Water and wastewater monitoring and analysis method［M］.4th ed.Beijing:China Environmental Science Press，2002:243-372.(in Chinese)

［18］Yu S L，Kuo J T，F(xiàn)assman E A，et al.Field test of grassedswale performance in removing runoff pollution ［J］.Jour-nal of Water Resources Planning and Management， 2001，127(3):168-171.

［19］Hao Liling， Zhang Qianqian， Wang Xiaoke， et al.Characteristics of runoff pollution on urban pavements with different materials in Chongqing ［J］.Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae，2012，32(7):1662-1669.(in Chinese)