賀軍++++++文武++++++陳國棟++++++丁成明++++++黃秋林++++++賀更生
[摘要] 目的 運用實時熒光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)技術檢測miR-331-3p在肝癌細胞株和肝癌組織中的表達,探討其在肝癌中表達的臨床意義及潛在臨床價值。 方法 采用基于2-ΔΔCt的qRT-PCR檢測miR-331-3p在正常肝細胞株(HL-7702)、不同侵襲轉移能力的肝癌細胞株(HepG2、MHCC97-H、HCCLM3)的表達,同時收集5例正常肝組織、30例肝癌組織及癌旁組織,進行定量分析,并分析miR-331-3p與肝癌患者臨床病理特征的關系。 結果 與正常肝細胞株相比,miR-331-3p在肝癌細胞株中表達下調,且隨著肝癌細胞株侵襲轉移程度增加,其表達下調越明顯(P<0.05);與正常肝組織相比,肝癌組織中miR-331-3p有不同程度的表達下調(P<0.05),且與肝癌患者腫瘤多發(fā)結節(jié)(P=0.036)、低分化程度(P=0.035)以及伴有靜脈浸潤(P=0.016)等臨床病理特征相關。 結論 miR-331-3p在肝癌的發(fā)生、發(fā)展過程可能發(fā)揮重要作用,miR-331-3p有望成為肝癌新的生物標志物或預后因子。
[關鍵詞] miRNA;miR-331-3p;肝細胞癌;臨床病理特征
[中圖分類號] R735.7[文獻標識碼] A[文章編號] 1674-4721(2014)06(b)-0004-04
Study on the expression of miR-331-3p in hepatocellular carcinoma
HE Jun WEN Wu* CHEN Guo-dong DING Cheng-ming HUANG Qiu-lin HE Geng-sheng▲
Department of General Surgery,the First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China,Hengyang 421001,China
[Abstract] Objective To detect the expression of miR-331-3p in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) by quantificational real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and investigate the significance and potential clinical value of miR-331-3p in HCC. Methods 2-ΔΔCt method was used for qRT-PCR of the expression pattern of miR-331-3p in normal human liver cell line HL-7702 and different invasion and metastasis of HCC cell lines (HepG2,MHCC97-H,HCCLM3),meanwhile,5 normal liver tissues,30 HCC and adjacent tissues were selected,and the relationship between the expression of miR-331-3p and the clinicopathological characteristics of HCC was analyzed. Results Compared with normal liver cell line,hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines showed miR-331-3p down-regulation,and with the increase of the degree of invasion and metastasis,the more obvious its down-regulation (P<0.05).Compared with normal liver tissues,the HCC tissues showed significant miR-331-3p down-regulation (P<0.05),and it was related to multiple tumor nodules (P=0.036),low differentiation (P=0.035),and venous invasion (P=0.016). Conclusion In the process of the occurrence and development of HCC,miR-331-3p may play an important role,it is expected to become the new biomarker or prognostic factor of HCC.
[Key words] miRNA;miR-331-3p;Hepatocellular carcinoma;Clinical pathological features
肝細胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)是一種病死率高、生存期短的消化系統(tǒng)惡性腫瘤,在全球HCC每年新增病例國家中,中國排在第1位,占全球總發(fā)病率的50%,西方國家發(fā)病率雖不高但卻在逐年遞增[1],對于有機會行手術切除的HCC患者,術后5年復發(fā)率仍可高達50%~70%[2]。
miRNA是一類由長度為18~25個核苷酸(nt)組成的單鏈非編碼小RNA分子,其在真核生物中廣泛存在,具有高度遺傳穩(wěn)定性。初始的miRNA轉錄產物在核糖核酸酶Drosha和Dicer1進行剪接,從而發(fā)展成為成熟的miRNA[3],后者實現基因調控的作用機制主要通過與靶基因mRNA的3′UTR結合而使mRNA降解或抑制其翻譯,由此miRNA可以通過癌基因和抑癌基因的相互作用對腫瘤的發(fā)生、凋亡和侵襲轉移進行調控,從而影響腫瘤患者的預后。某些miRNA在腫瘤組織表達具有特異性,且在腫瘤的發(fā)生、發(fā)展中發(fā)揮了非常重要的調控作用[4-5]。miR-331-3p作為miRNA家族中一員,目前在腫瘤的相關研究中miR-331-3p的研究相對較少,少量研究結果顯示miR-331-3p在胃癌[6]、前列腺癌[7]、白血病[8]等惡性腫瘤發(fā)生、發(fā)展過程中發(fā)揮著重要作用。然而miR-331-3p在HCC中的相關研究較少,因此本研究初步探討miR-331-3p在HCC中的表達情況,以期為miRNA在HCC中發(fā)揮的作用提供新的依據,同時為HCC的生物學診斷和治療提供新的依據。
1 材料與方法
1.1 試劑和儀器
DMEM高糖培養(yǎng)基購自Hyclone公司,胎牛血清購自北京康為公司。miR-331-3p及RNA U6引物由廣州銳博生物公司合成。Trizol試劑購自Invitrogen公司,逆轉錄試劑盒購自promega公司,SYBR Green PCR Master Mix試劑盒購自TAKARA公司。氯仿、異丙醇、無水乙醇等試劑均為進口分裝或國產分析純。Nanodrop2000/2000C分光光度計(Thermo公司)和穩(wěn)壓電泳儀(上海天能)。
1.2 細胞培養(yǎng)
HL-7702細胞、MHCC97-H細胞及HCCLM3細胞來源于中科院上海細胞研究所,HepG2細胞由南華大學心血管疾病研究所實驗室提供。用含10%的胎牛血清的DMEM培養(yǎng)液,置于含5%CO2、37℃、飽和濕度條件下的培養(yǎng)箱中培養(yǎng)。
1.3 標本來源
選取2011年11月~2013年7月在南華大學附屬第一醫(yī)院普外科、腫瘤外科及湘雅二醫(yī)院普外科行手術切除術的HCC組織標本共30例,男性24例,女性6例,年齡32~81歲,中位年齡56歲。HCC組織:取自實性癌中未壞死的區(qū)域。癌旁組織:距離癌灶邊緣2 cm的組織。選取肝血管瘤及肝外傷行肝切除患者的正常肝臟組織5例。所有病例術前均未放化療,組織性質均經病理學證實。手術切除的組織標本離體后迅速置入液氮冷凍,之后轉移至-80℃冰箱中保存?zhèn)溆?。收集HCC患者的一般信息及臨床病理資料,如性別、年齡、有無肝硬化、術前血清甲胎蛋白(AFP)值、腫瘤直徑、腫瘤結節(jié)數目、有無包膜、腫瘤分化程度以及有無靜脈浸潤等,并根據以上臨床病理特征進行逐一分組。
1.4 總RNA提取
按照TRIzol試劑(Invitrogen公司)操作說明書的步驟,分別提取出細胞及組織標本的總RNA,紫外分光光度計評估 RNA的濃度和純度。所有RNA樣品置-80℃保存?zhèn)溆谩?/p>
1.5 逆轉錄
RNA逆轉錄獲得cDNA(根據Promega公司M-MLV操作說明書進行),RT反應程序為:42℃ 60 min,70℃ 10 min。逆轉錄反應結束后立即將cDNA產物取出,快速置冰上冷卻,置-80℃?zhèn)溆谩?/p>
1.6 qPCR檢測
根據TAKARA公司SYBR Master Mixture操作說明書進行,且每個樣本重復3次獨立實驗。反應條件95℃ 10 min,之后95℃ 30 s,60℃ 30 s,45個循環(huán)(引物序列見表1)。擴增反應在實時熒光定量PCR儀TP800(TAKARA公司)上進行。miR-331-3p的相對定量以RNA U6為內對照,計算公式為2-ΔΔCt。
1.7 統(tǒng)計學處理
應用SPSS 16.0軟件進行統(tǒng)計分析。計量資料為正態(tài)分布的,用均數±標準差(x±s)表示。兩個獨立樣本組間表達差異使用Mann-Whitney U檢驗,采用GraphPad Prism 5.0軟件繪制直方圖。
2 結果
2.1 RNA濃度測定
細胞及組織樣品A260/A280在1.8~2.0之間,RNA純度較高,無DNA、蛋白質等污染。
2.2 miR-331-3p在正常肝細胞株及肝癌細胞株中的表達
miR-331-3p在3株不同侵襲轉移能力的人肝癌細胞株HCCLM3、MHCC97-H、HepG2中的表達量分別為0.303±0.029、0.377±0.036、1.001±0.049,顯著低于在正常肝細胞株HL-7702中的表達量1.698±0.047,各組間差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05),且隨著肝癌細胞侵襲轉移程度的增加,其表達下調越明顯(圖1)。
圖1 各細胞株miR-331-3p的相對表達水平
與MHCC97-H細胞株比較,*P<0.05;與HepG2細胞株比較,#P<0.05;與HL-7702細胞株比較,△P<0.05
2.3 miR-331-3p在正常肝組織、癌旁組織、肝癌組織中的表達
miR-331-3p在肝癌組織的表達為0.792±0.188,顯著低于正常組織及癌旁組織(8.325±0635、1.696±0.532),各組間差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05)(圖2)。
圖2各標本miR-331-3p的相對表達水平
與癌旁組織比較,*P<0.05;與正常肝組織比較,#P<0.05
2.4 miR-331-3p與肝癌患者臨床病理的相關性
miR-331-3p在腫瘤多發(fā)結節(jié)、低分化以及伴有靜脈浸潤的肝癌患者組織樣本中的表達明顯低于單個結節(jié)(P=0.036)、高-中分化(P=0.035)、無靜脈浸潤(P=0.016)的肝癌組織。miR-331-3p表達與患者的性別、年齡、AFP值、有無肝硬化、腫瘤直徑以及有無包膜無明顯相關性(P>0.05)(表2)。
3 討論
肝癌是人類最常見的惡性腫瘤之一,其多在肝硬化的基礎上形成[9],已知危險因素還包括HBV和HCV感染、黃曲霉毒素B1、慢性酒精性肝病以及營養(yǎng)不良等眾多原因[10]。這些危險因素,影響肝癌的發(fā)生、發(fā)展過程。
miRNA是一類廣泛存在于真核生物中的非編碼調控小RNA分子,它的主要生物學功能是對基因表達進行轉錄后調控,進而參與細胞的生長、增殖、凋亡、分化等多種生物學進程[11]。大量的證據表明,miRNA的異常表達與許多腫瘤的發(fā)生密切相關,其可能作為一種新型的分子靶標在腫瘤的發(fā)生、發(fā)展中發(fā)揮類似癌基因和抑癌基因的作用[12-15]。
miRNA可作為一種癌基因,下調抑癌基因的活性,進而影響腫瘤的生長。Song等[16]的研究發(fā)現,轉染miR-21的細胞侵襲細胞數目與對照組相比顯著增加,而轉染抗miR-21的細胞則顯著降低。Segura等[17]發(fā)現,高表達的miR-182有促進黑色素瘤細胞在體內外轉移的潛能,而下調miR-182則可防止細胞的侵襲和轉移,并誘導細胞凋亡。miRNA也可作為一種抑癌基因,下調原癌基因的活性,進而影響腫瘤的生長。有研究表明[18],let-7通過作用于MHY9基因抑制胃癌細胞在試管內侵襲轉移。Wiggins等[19]發(fā)現miR-34a能抑制缺乏p53功能的腫瘤細胞生長和侵襲轉移。
miR-331-3p作為miRNA家族中一員,在多個腫瘤及生理過程中均發(fā)揮重要作用。Wang等[20]通過對90個永生化淋巴母細胞系366種miRNAs和14174mRNAs之間關聯分析研究發(fā)現,miR-331-3p與細胞周期相關。Hosako等[21]在p53缺失的小鼠中發(fā)現miR-331-3p的表達有明顯的改變,p53的缺失會導致胚胎中的顱腦畸形,這種胚胎形態(tài)學的改變可能與miR-331-3p的異常表達有關。De Martino等[22]研究發(fā)現miR-331-3p在缺失了HMGA1蛋白的鼠胚胎成纖維細胞中呈現低表達,miR-331-3p受HMGA1調控,預示miR-331-3p參與了HMGA1所調控的生物途徑并發(fā)揮相應的生物學功能。
本文體外研究結果顯示,肝癌細胞株中miR-331-3p的表達顯著低于正常肝細胞株,且隨著肝癌細胞侵襲轉移程度的增加,其表達下調越明顯。同時,臨床肝癌組織標本的檢測發(fā)現,miR-331-3p在肝癌組織的表達明顯低于正常肝組織及癌旁組織,提示miR-331-3p表達下調參與了肝癌的發(fā)生,miR-331-3p在肝癌發(fā)生中可能起著負調控的作用。進一步分析肝癌中miR-331-3p表達與臨床病理特征的關系,其與肝癌患者腫瘤多發(fā)結節(jié)、低分化程度以及伴有靜脈浸潤等臨床病理特征相關,提示miR-331-3p低表達可能促進了肝癌細胞侵襲性的生物學行為。而miR-331-3p表達與性別、年齡、AFP值、有無肝硬化、腫瘤直徑以及有無包膜均無明顯相關性。
在肝癌的發(fā)生、發(fā)展過程中miR-331-3p如何發(fā)揮生物學作用,其具體機制是什么,這些還有待于后續(xù)研究。開展對miR-331-3p的功能學研究,有望進一步闡明肝癌的發(fā)病機制,同時有望為肝癌的生物學診斷、個體化治療、預后判斷提供重要的理論依據和新的分子靶點。
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(收稿日期:2014-03-12本文編輯:郭靜娟)
[參考文獻]
[1]Jemal A,Bray F,Center MM,et al.Global cancer statistics[J].CA Cancer J Clin,2011,61(2):69-90.
[2]Verslype C,Van Cutsem E,Dicato M,et al.The management of hepatocellular carcinoma.Current expert opinion and recommendations derived from the 10th World Congress on Gastrointestinal Cancer,Barcelona,2008[J].Ann Oncol,2009,20(Suppl 7):vii1-vii6.
[3]Lujambio A,Lowe SW.The microcosmos of cancer[J].Nature,2012,482(7385):347-355.
[4]Winter J,Jung S,Keller S,et al.Many roads to maturity:microRNA biogenesis pathways and their regulation[J].Nat Cell Biol,2009,11(3):228-234.
[5]Petri A,Lindow M,Kauppinen S.MicroRNA silencing in primates:towards development of novel therapeutics[J].Cancer Res,2009,69(2):393-395.
[6]Guo X,Guo L,Ji J,et al.miRNA-331-3p directly targets E2F1 and induces growth arrest in human gastric cancer[J].Biochem Biophys Res Commun,2010,398(1):1-6.
[7]Epis MR,Giles KM,Barker A,et al.miR-331-3p regulates ERBB-2 expression and androgen receptor signaling in prostate cancer[J].J Biol Chem,2009,284(37):24696-24704.
[8]Zanette DL,Rivadavia F,Molfetta GA,et al.miRNA expression profiles in chronic lymphocytic and acute lymphocytic leukemia[J].Braz J Med Biol Res,2007,40(11):1435-1440.
[9]Schuppan D,Afdhal NH.Liver cirrhosis[J].Lancet,2008, 371(9615):838-851.
[10]Gomaa AI,Khan SA,Toledano MB,et al.Hepatocellular carcinoma:epidemiology,risk factors and pathogenesis[J].World J Gastroenterol,2008,14(27):4300-4308.
[11]Bartel DP.MicroRNAs:genomics,biogenesis,mechanism and function[J].Cell,2004,116(2):281-297.
[12]Shenouda SK,Alahari SK.MicroRNA function in cancer:oncogene or a tumor suppressor?[J].Cancer Metastasis Rev,2009,28(3-4):369-378.
[13]Ueda R,Kohanbash G,Sasaki K,et al.Dicer-regulated microRNAs 222 and 339 promote resistance of cancer cells to cytotoxic T-lymphocytes by down-regulation of ICAM-1[J].Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,2009,106(26):10746-10751.
[14]Ma L,Teruya-Feldstein J,Weinberg RA.Tumour invasion and metastasis initiated by microRNA-10b in breast cancer[J].Nature,2007,449(7163):682-688.
[15]Gebeshuber CA,Zatloukal K,Martinez J.miR-29a suppresses tristetraprolin,which is a regulator of epithelial polarity and metastasis[J].EMBO Rep,2009,10(4):400-405.
[16]Song B,Wang C,Liu J,et al.MicroRNA-21 regulates breast cancer invasion partly by targeting tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 3 expression[J].J Exp Clin Cancer Res,2010,29(1):29.
[17]Segura MF,Hanniford D,Menendez S,et al.Aberrant miR-182 expression promotes melanoma metastasis by repressing FOXO3 and microphthalmia-associatedtranscription factor[J].Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,2009,106(6):1814-1819.
[18]Liang S,He L,Zhao X,et al.MicroRNA let-7f inhibits tumor invasion and metastasis by targeting MYH9 in human gastric cancer[J].PLoS One,2011,6(4):e18409.
[19]Wiggins JF,Ruffino L,Kelnar K,et al.Development of a lung cancer therapeutic based on the tumor suppressor microRNA-34[J].Cancer Res,2010,70(14):5923-5930.
[20]Wang L,Oberg AL,Asmann YW,et al.Genome-wide transcriptional profiling reveals microRNA-correlated genes and biological processes in human lymphoblastoid cell lines[J].PLoS One,2009,4(6):e5878.
[21]Hosako H,Martin GS,Barrier M,et al.Gene and microRNA expression in p53-deficient day 8.5 mouse embryos[J].Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol,2009,85(6):546-555.
[22]De Martino I,Visone R,Fedele M,et al.Regulation of microRNA expression by HMGA1 proteins[J].Oncogene,2009, 28(11):1432-1442.
(收稿日期:2014-03-12本文編輯:郭靜娟)
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(收稿日期:2014-03-12本文編輯:郭靜娟)