• 
    

    
    

      99热精品在线国产_美女午夜性视频免费_国产精品国产高清国产av_av欧美777_自拍偷自拍亚洲精品老妇_亚洲熟女精品中文字幕_www日本黄色视频网_国产精品野战在线观看 ?

      土地利用政策與鹽堿地農(nóng)田水利設(shè)施管理農(nóng)戶參與意愿研究

      2014-07-31 01:27:21徐慧黃賢金

      徐慧 黃賢金

      摘要合理完善的農(nóng)田排灌水利設(shè)施是鹽堿耕地有效的排鹽降堿的基本保障。本文基于山東省墾利縣、吉林省鎮(zhèn)賚縣、新疆察布查爾縣等我國(guó)3個(gè)典型鹽堿地區(qū)域8鄉(xiāng)(鎮(zhèn))14村的468戶農(nóng)戶的入戶問(wèn)卷調(diào)查,以農(nóng)村土地利用政策為切入點(diǎn),運(yùn)用二元Logistic模型,分析了鹽堿地農(nóng)田水利設(shè)施管理農(nóng)戶參與意愿及驅(qū)動(dòng)機(jī)制。結(jié)果表明:①擴(kuò)大鹽堿耕地經(jīng)營(yíng)規(guī)模、增加塊均耕地面積、降低耕地細(xì)碎化程度,穩(wěn)定土地承包經(jīng)營(yíng)權(quán),能提高農(nóng)田水利設(shè)施管理農(nóng)戶參與意愿。②水資源保證率越低,水費(fèi)占農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)總投入的比重越大,農(nóng)田水利設(shè)施管理農(nóng)戶參與意愿越強(qiáng)。在農(nóng)田水利設(shè)施占用農(nóng)戶耕地的情形下,農(nóng)田水利設(shè)施完備度與農(nóng)戶參與意愿正相關(guān)。③土地綜合整治以及中低產(chǎn)田改造等政府對(duì)農(nóng)田水利設(shè)施投入對(duì)農(nóng)戶參與意愿具有一定的催化作用。因此,為促進(jìn)鹽堿地農(nóng)業(yè)持續(xù)利用,針對(duì)已經(jīng)發(fā)包的鹽堿耕地,建議通過(guò)土地流轉(zhuǎn),實(shí)現(xiàn)存量鹽堿耕地適度規(guī)模化經(jīng)營(yíng)。針對(duì)新增鹽堿耕地,建議在土地發(fā)包過(guò)程中適度擴(kuò)大單塊耕地面積。探索性的實(shí)施鹽堿地承包經(jīng)營(yíng)權(quán)長(zhǎng)期不變,有助于穩(wěn)定農(nóng)戶生產(chǎn)預(yù)期,促進(jìn)農(nóng)戶長(zhǎng)期投入。建立農(nóng)業(yè)灌溉用水的資源管理機(jī)制,完善小型農(nóng)田水利設(shè)施配套及管理制度,適度提高水費(fèi)征收標(biāo)準(zhǔn),對(duì)于提高農(nóng)戶參與意愿、促進(jìn)水資源合理利用及鹽堿地農(nóng)業(yè)持續(xù)發(fā)展也具有重要意義。

      關(guān)鍵詞土地利用政策;農(nóng)田水利設(shè)施;鹽堿耕地;農(nóng)戶意愿

      中圖分類號(hào)F205 F321.1文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼A文章編號(hào)1002-2104(2014)03-0154-07doi:103969/jissn1002-2104201403022

      土壤鹽漬化是世界農(nóng)業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展面臨的主要環(huán)境問(wèn)題之一。為滿足糧食需求,鹽堿地開(kāi)發(fā)利用為許多國(guó)家和地區(qū)所重視。我國(guó)鹽堿地面積大、類型多,廣泛分布在干旱、半干旱和半濕潤(rùn)地區(qū)[1]。大量科學(xué)研究和生產(chǎn)實(shí)踐表明,根據(jù)水鹽運(yùn)動(dòng)規(guī)律,運(yùn)用不同農(nóng)田水利工程,建立完善的灌溉和排水系統(tǒng)是調(diào)節(jié)區(qū)域水鹽平衡、控制鹽分積聚、治理鹽堿耕地、防范次生鹽漬化發(fā)生的重要措施[2-3]。

      農(nóng)田水利設(shè)施投資回報(bào)周期長(zhǎng)、回報(bào)率低,國(guó)家和政府是主要投資主體,私人資金很少投入,因此農(nóng)田水利設(shè)施具有公益性。但農(nóng)田水利設(shè)施的使用具有公開(kāi)獲取性及非排他性,因此用水戶之間競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性和擁擠性特點(diǎn)突出。農(nóng)戶作為理性經(jīng)濟(jì)人,其生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營(yíng)活動(dòng)要么力求使私人邊際成本等于私人邊際收益,要么向外部轉(zhuǎn)嫁成本,但不會(huì)自己承擔(dān)外部成本,因此在公共財(cái)政扶持不足的情況下,農(nóng)田水利設(shè)施供給結(jié)構(gòu)扭曲、灌排設(shè)施老化,末級(jí)渠系和田間工程短缺,這成為制約鹽堿地農(nóng)業(yè)持續(xù)發(fā)展的重要因素。農(nóng)田水利設(shè)施建設(shè)及管理的農(nóng)戶參與愿意受到多種因素綜合影響,農(nóng)戶自身特征、土地資源特征、農(nóng)業(yè)收益、糧食補(bǔ)貼政策[4]以及水資源特征和農(nóng)田水利設(shè)施產(chǎn)權(quán)[5-6]等因素驅(qū)動(dòng)機(jī)制研究已經(jīng)引起相關(guān)學(xué)者重視,已有成果對(duì)本研究起到了重要支撐作用。

      本研究以黃河三角洲山東省墾利縣、松嫩平原西部吉林省鎮(zhèn)賚縣、伊犁河谷地區(qū)新疆察布查爾縣為研究區(qū)域,通過(guò)對(duì)3省14村468戶農(nóng)戶調(diào)研發(fā)現(xiàn),農(nóng)村土地制度及其誘致因子對(duì)農(nóng)戶農(nóng)田水利設(shè)施管理參與意愿影響比較明顯。本研究在綜合農(nóng)戶參與農(nóng)田水利設(shè)施管理意愿的傳統(tǒng)影響因素的基礎(chǔ)上,探討土地利用政策對(duì)農(nóng)戶意愿的影響機(jī)理,這對(duì)土地管理制度創(chuàng)新,促進(jìn)鹽堿耕地資源持續(xù)利用具有重要意義。

      1鹽堿地農(nóng)田水利設(shè)施管理農(nóng)戶參與意愿驅(qū)動(dòng)因子1.1農(nóng)戶特征

      農(nóng)戶特征主要包括戶主年齡、教育水平、家庭勞動(dòng)力數(shù)量、農(nóng)業(yè)收入等。首先,戶主不同年齡、不同受教育水平以及家庭勞動(dòng)力資源稟賦的差異等會(huì)造成農(nóng)戶對(duì)水利設(shè)施與鹽堿地改良及持續(xù)利用關(guān)系的認(rèn)知有可能不同,并進(jìn)一步影響農(nóng)戶農(nóng)田水利設(shè)施管理參與意愿。其次,農(nóng)業(yè)收入比較效益低,在一定程度上可能抑制農(nóng)民在農(nóng)田水利設(shè)施建設(shè)中參與積極性,如果農(nóng)戶家庭總收入中農(nóng)業(yè)收入所占比重越大,農(nóng)民可能越愿意參與農(nóng)田水利設(shè)施管理[7]。

      1.2水資源及利用管理政策

      該因素主要包括水資源、水費(fèi)、農(nóng)田水利設(shè)施完備程度及其產(chǎn)權(quán)等因子。水資源稀缺程度是影響農(nóng)戶農(nóng)田水利設(shè)施管理參與意愿的基本內(nèi)生因素[5,8]。一般情況下,水資源越短缺,農(nóng)戶越傾向于選擇節(jié)水型水資源利用行為。相反,隨著水資源短缺程度的減緩,農(nóng)戶灌溉行為受水資源約束逐漸越小,灌溉用水量可能會(huì)顯著增加[9]。征收水費(fèi)可以使農(nóng)戶充分考慮機(jī)會(huì)成本,刺激農(nóng)戶參與農(nóng)田水利設(shè)施管理,優(yōu)化水資源配置與利用效率[10]。農(nóng)田水利設(shè)施的完備程度直接影響從水源到田間輸送過(guò)程中渠系水利用率,責(zé)權(quán)明晰的水利設(shè)施管理制度有利于催生農(nóng)戶自主治理灌溉事物的行動(dòng)[11-12]。

      1.3農(nóng)村土地利用政策及其誘致因子

      農(nóng)村家庭承包經(jīng)營(yíng)制度長(zhǎng)久不變的土地產(chǎn)權(quán)制度在兼顧耕地公平分配的同時(shí),也帶來(lái)了耕地細(xì)碎化,這與農(nóng)田水利設(shè)施耕地占用的規(guī)模性和公共性不匹配。由于鹽堿地改良水利工程技術(shù)整體性強(qiáng),需要區(qū)域共同實(shí)施,小規(guī)模的單個(gè)農(nóng)戶無(wú)法采用,或者即使能用也因成本過(guò)高或效益外溢不得不放棄[13],因此農(nóng)村土地分戶經(jīng)營(yíng)的模式與農(nóng)田水利設(shè)施管理體制已不相適應(yīng)[6],農(nóng)戶不可能獨(dú)立解決農(nóng)田水利的供給[14]。一般情況下,每塊耕地面積越大,越有可能提高農(nóng)戶農(nóng)田水利設(shè)施管理參與意愿。但土地流轉(zhuǎn)在降低耕地細(xì)碎化程度的同時(shí),也會(huì)帶來(lái)土地調(diào)整頻繁、承包期較短等問(wèn)題,這也可能不利于農(nóng)戶農(nóng)田水利工程建設(shè)與管理的持續(xù)投入。同時(shí),但也有研究認(rèn)為由于農(nóng)田水利設(shè)施投資成本的分擔(dān)和利益的分享很難界定,導(dǎo)致搭便車現(xiàn)象嚴(yán)重

      1.4其他因素

      耕地質(zhì)量及土地利用類型是土地生產(chǎn)率的決定因素[16]。不同的土地利用類型,對(duì)灌溉需求的強(qiáng)度不一樣,農(nóng)戶對(duì)農(nóng)田水利設(shè)施管理的參與意愿也差異明顯。小規(guī)模的村民組、成員間的同質(zhì)性、相互間的有效監(jiān)督等對(duì)成功的集體行為可能產(chǎn)生正顯著效應(yīng)[17]。但也有研究認(rèn)為,農(nóng)戶數(shù)越多的村民組成功的集體行動(dòng)的可能性越高[18],因此村莊規(guī)??赡苁怯绊戅r(nóng)戶意愿的潛在因素[5]。除此之外,農(nóng)戶用水協(xié)會(huì)和政府農(nóng)田水利設(shè)施項(xiàng)目補(bǔ)貼等因素對(duì)農(nóng)戶參與農(nóng)田水利設(shè)施管理意愿也具有顯著影響。

      2.1數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)源

      基于地理學(xué)綜合性、區(qū)域差異性以及空間性特點(diǎn),本研究選擇黃淮海平原山東省墾利縣、松嫩平原西部吉林省鎮(zhèn)賚縣和伊犁河谷地區(qū)新疆維吾爾族自治區(qū)察布查爾錫伯族自治縣作為研究區(qū)域。墾利縣地處黃河口高鹽堿地帶,以濱海鹽土為主要類型。鎮(zhèn)賚縣位于松嫩平原西部農(nóng)牧交錯(cuò)帶,是我國(guó)典型的堿土分布區(qū)。察布查爾錫伯族自治縣地處伊犁河南岸和中天山西端的阿拉喀爾山脈北麓,原生鹽漬化突出,是我國(guó)鹽堿荒地開(kāi)發(fā)利用的典型。這三個(gè)地區(qū)分別位于我國(guó)濕潤(rùn)半濕潤(rùn)地區(qū)、干旱區(qū),包括了鹽土、堿土以及次生鹽堿土不同鹽堿土類型,代表了旱田、水田等不同土地利用方式,并分別通過(guò)土地整理、土地綜合整治和中低產(chǎn)田改造等項(xiàng)目進(jìn)行了不同程度的農(nóng)田水利

      2.2農(nóng)田水利設(shè)施狀況及農(nóng)戶意愿

      研究區(qū)域早在六七十年代,通過(guò)國(guó)家資金投資與農(nóng)戶投工投勞相結(jié)合,進(jìn)行了大規(guī)模的水利建設(shè),形成了干渠、支渠、斗渠、農(nóng)渠以及橋、涵、渣等基建配套的農(nóng)田水利設(shè)施體系。但隨著鹽堿耕地不斷開(kāi)墾,末級(jí)渠系和田間配套工程投入不足,農(nóng)田水利設(shè)施老化、渠道淤積堵塞、滲漏嚴(yán)重,甚至只灌不排、灌排失調(diào),造成這些地區(qū)地下水位偏高,下游灘地土壤次生鹽堿化[19-20]。近年來(lái),國(guó)家通過(guò)土地整理及綜合整治、中低產(chǎn)田改造等項(xiàng)目,對(duì)農(nóng)田水利設(shè)施建設(shè)進(jìn)行了大量的投入,但仍存在諸多問(wèn)題可引水量不確定性強(qiáng),且可用水量逐漸減少;農(nóng)戶以大水漫灌為主,水資源浪費(fèi)嚴(yán)重受水源特點(diǎn)變化,引水、蓄水和排水設(shè)施功能退化、老化嚴(yán)重,不配套小型水利工程產(chǎn)權(quán)不清、主體缺位,排水渠系淤塞嚴(yán)重;河中設(shè)壩、亂扒亂堵鎮(zhèn)賚縣嫩江為主要水源,相對(duì)充足,但需水季節(jié)上下游用水戶之間水資源爭(zhēng)搶明顯新增耕地末級(jí)渠系及田間工程配套缺乏;已有水田排水設(shè)施不合理,排泄不暢在斗渠以下渠系及建筑物的后續(xù)維修、配套和更新改造中,農(nóng)戶用水組織和農(nóng)戶參與機(jī)制不完善察布查爾縣伊犁河為主要水源,相對(duì)充足,但水資源浪費(fèi)嚴(yán)重工程建設(shè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)低,建筑物不配套;老化、不配套;田間排水工程不足重灌輕排,排水設(shè)施的日常維護(hù)不足,部分水回流,加劇了土壤積鹽,且水土流失較嚴(yán)重注:根據(jù)野外調(diào)研資料整理。

      根據(jù)以上問(wèn)題,考慮到區(qū)域差異性,本研究界定農(nóng)田水利設(shè)施農(nóng)戶參與管理主要包括對(duì)農(nóng)田水利設(shè)施的投資、建設(shè)、經(jīng)營(yíng)與保護(hù)以及對(duì)漫灌、噴灌、滴灌、霧灌等適宜的灌溉技術(shù)的采用等。

      農(nóng)村土地承包經(jīng)營(yíng)權(quán)長(zhǎng)期不變的土地政策使農(nóng)戶對(duì)農(nóng)田水利設(shè)施管理的參與意愿陷入兩難:一方面希望通過(guò)完善水利設(shè)施改善鹽堿地農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)環(huán)境,另一方面又不希望占用調(diào)整自家耕地。但在占用農(nóng)戶耕地時(shí),農(nóng)戶參與意愿明顯降低,全部樣本均值僅為0.54,墾利縣樣本均值僅為0.30。在兩種情形下,全部樣本和分區(qū)樣本標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差較大,這說(shuō)明不同特征的農(nóng)戶選擇意愿差異明顯。

      (1)耕地規(guī)模。該指標(biāo)與農(nóng)戶意愿選擇正相關(guān),并且在引入占用農(nóng)戶耕地虛擬變量后,耕地規(guī)模對(duì)因變量的影響有所增加。這表明農(nóng)戶耕地經(jīng)營(yíng)規(guī)模越大,農(nóng)戶以土地要素投入農(nóng)田水利設(shè)施管理的積極性越強(qiáng)。

      (2)土地利用類型。旱田相對(duì)于水田而言,需水量小,灌溉次數(shù)少,農(nóng)戶對(duì)農(nóng)田水利設(shè)施管理參與意愿較弱。在一定的水資源供給保障率下,水田具有穩(wěn)產(chǎn)保產(chǎn)特征,而旱田經(jīng)營(yíng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)相對(duì)較大,因此農(nóng)戶水田所占比例越高,越愿意參與農(nóng)田水利設(shè)施管理。

      (3)土地細(xì)碎化。土地細(xì)碎化是影響農(nóng)戶意愿的重要因素。農(nóng)戶田塊越多,分布越分散,越不愿意參與農(nóng)田水利設(shè)施管理。在占用耕地情形下,單塊耕地面積也成為影響農(nóng)戶意愿選擇的因素,塊均耕地面積越大,農(nóng)戶越愿意參與農(nóng)田水利設(shè)施管理。

      (4)地權(quán)穩(wěn)定性。頻繁的土地調(diào)整對(duì)農(nóng)戶造成了土地產(chǎn)權(quán)的不安全感。相對(duì)于農(nóng)田水利設(shè)施投資的長(zhǎng)期性,土地調(diào)整越頻繁,農(nóng)戶參與意愿越弱。山東省墾利縣部分村莊及村民小組,土地每5-12年調(diào)整一次,農(nóng)戶參與意愿明顯偏低。在138個(gè)調(diào)研樣本中,僅有54%的農(nóng)戶愿意參與農(nóng)田水利設(shè)施管理,遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)低于吉林省鎮(zhèn)賚縣和新疆察布查爾縣92%的比例。

      (5)水資源利用及管理政策。水資源保證率越低,農(nóng)戶對(duì)于節(jié)約用水、提高水資源利用效率的意愿越強(qiáng)。水費(fèi)占農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)總投入的比重越大,農(nóng)田水利設(shè)施管理農(nóng)戶參與意愿越強(qiáng)烈,這與已有研究相矛盾[21]。

      (6)農(nóng)戶自身特征和政府投入也在一定程度上影響農(nóng)戶參與農(nóng)田水利設(shè)施管理意愿。通過(guò)政府立項(xiàng)增加農(nóng)田水利設(shè)施投入,這對(duì)農(nóng)戶意愿選擇的影響比較明顯,尤其是在水利設(shè)施占用農(nóng)戶耕地的情形下,政府行為對(duì)農(nóng)戶意愿選擇起到了催化作用。由于樣本限制,回歸結(jié)果中村莊規(guī)模這一因子對(duì)因變量的影響不明顯。家庭勞動(dòng)力資源和農(nóng)業(yè)收入占家庭收入比重這兩個(gè)因子回歸分析結(jié)果與預(yù)期相反。

      3結(jié)論和啟示

      通過(guò)對(duì)研究區(qū)域樣本計(jì)量分析,農(nóng)田水利設(shè)施建設(shè)與管理和農(nóng)村家庭聯(lián)產(chǎn)承包責(zé)任制下的分戶經(jīng)營(yíng)模式已不相協(xié)調(diào),農(nóng)田水利設(shè)施管理農(nóng)戶參與意愿與土地利用政策關(guān)系密切,同時(shí)也受到水資源利用及管理政策、農(nóng)戶自身特征和政府行為等因素綜合影響。

      擴(kuò)大鹽堿耕地經(jīng)營(yíng)規(guī)模、降低耕地細(xì)碎化程度,能提高農(nóng)田水利設(shè)施管理農(nóng)戶參與意愿。根據(jù)調(diào)研區(qū)域樣本數(shù)據(jù),山東省墾利縣農(nóng)戶塊均耕地面積最小,為3.18畝,農(nóng)田水利設(shè)施管理農(nóng)戶參與意愿最弱,尤其是占用農(nóng)戶耕地情景下,表現(xiàn)更為突出。而吉林省鎮(zhèn)賚縣農(nóng)戶塊均耕地面積為8.18畝,新疆察布查爾縣農(nóng)戶塊均耕地面積最大,為11.18畝,農(nóng)田水利設(shè)施管理農(nóng)戶參與意愿相對(duì)較強(qiáng)?;邴}堿地持續(xù)利用目標(biāo),建議我國(guó)典型鹽堿地區(qū)域通過(guò)土地適度流轉(zhuǎn),促進(jìn)鹽堿障礙耕地向大戶集中,適度擴(kuò)大農(nóng)戶耕地經(jīng)營(yíng)規(guī)模。針對(duì)家庭聯(lián)產(chǎn)承包責(zé)任制下已經(jīng)發(fā)包的耕地,根據(jù)農(nóng)戶自愿原則,推動(dòng)土地整合,降低家庭承包經(jīng)營(yíng)責(zé)任制下按耕地質(zhì)量均分田地帶來(lái)的耕地細(xì)碎化程度,促進(jìn)耕地“小塊并大塊”。針對(duì)通過(guò)國(guó)家土地綜合整治等項(xiàng)目進(jìn)行的鹽堿荒地開(kāi)發(fā)而形成的新增耕地,為避免耕地細(xì)碎化帶來(lái)的負(fù)面效應(yīng),建議在土地發(fā)包過(guò)程中適當(dāng)擴(kuò)大單塊耕地面積,以實(shí)現(xiàn)農(nóng)戶耕地資源與農(nóng)田水利設(shè)施優(yōu)化配置,促進(jìn)鹽堿地農(nóng)業(yè)持續(xù)發(fā)展。

      農(nóng)村土地承包經(jīng)營(yíng)權(quán)長(zhǎng)期不變的土地利用政策在一定程度上能增加農(nóng)戶農(nóng)田水利設(shè)施投入的積極性。調(diào)研結(jié)果表明,盡管山東省墾利縣部分農(nóng)戶認(rèn)為根據(jù)家庭人口增減調(diào)整耕地具有一定的合理性,但與實(shí)施“增人不增地,減人不減地”土地政策的吉林省鎮(zhèn)賚縣和新疆察布查爾縣相比,農(nóng)田水利設(shè)施管理農(nóng)戶參與意愿明顯偏低。山東省墾利縣相對(duì)頻繁的土地調(diào)整降低了農(nóng)戶對(duì)農(nóng)田水利設(shè)施投入的積極性。探索性的實(shí)施農(nóng)村土地承包經(jīng)營(yíng)權(quán)長(zhǎng)期不變,賦予農(nóng)民更加充分而有保障的土地承包經(jīng)營(yíng)權(quán),有助于穩(wěn)定農(nóng)戶農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)預(yù)期,促進(jìn)農(nóng)戶長(zhǎng)期投入、長(zhǎng)期經(jīng)營(yíng)和鹽堿地改良。

      建立農(nóng)業(yè)灌溉用水的資源管理機(jī)制[7],建立低風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、低成本、高效益和可持續(xù)的農(nóng)田水利系統(tǒng)[22]是鹽堿地改良及農(nóng)業(yè)高效利用的基本保障?,F(xiàn)階段,國(guó)家土地整理、綜合整治和中低產(chǎn)田改造等項(xiàng)目是農(nóng)田水利設(shè)施建設(shè)投資的重要渠道,這大大降低了農(nóng)戶鹽堿地改良投入的生產(chǎn)成本。在農(nóng)田水利設(shè)施使用和管理過(guò)程中,由于使用主體和管理主體分離,責(zé)權(quán)不明,農(nóng)渠及以下農(nóng)田水利設(shè)施配套不足。針對(duì)小型農(nóng)田水利設(shè)施,建議遵循“誰(shuí)投資,誰(shuí)受益;誰(shuí)受益,誰(shuí)管理”原則,村集體“一事一議”及農(nóng)戶投工投勞相結(jié)合,引導(dǎo)村集體、村民小組以及農(nóng)戶和公司等多主體參與農(nóng)田水利設(shè)施建設(shè)與管理。通過(guò)農(nóng)田水利工程配套實(shí)施,集體經(jīng)濟(jì)組織剩余水資源,可以通過(guò)轉(zhuǎn)讓交易,促進(jìn)水資源的合理流轉(zhuǎn)和分配,這在一定程度上可以提高農(nóng)戶灌溉用水的利用效率[9]。

      需要說(shuō)明的是,本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)家庭勞動(dòng)力越多,農(nóng)業(yè)收入占家庭收入比重越大,農(nóng)戶參與愿意越弱,這一結(jié)果與預(yù)期相反。在農(nóng)戶層面上,需要進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)農(nóng)戶對(duì)農(nóng)田水利設(shè)施重要性的認(rèn)知教育,轉(zhuǎn)變農(nóng)戶思想,提高農(nóng)戶農(nóng)田水利設(shè)施管理參與意愿。其次,盡管回歸分析結(jié)果表明村集體規(guī)模對(duì)農(nóng)戶參與意愿的影響并不明顯,但調(diào)研中發(fā)現(xiàn)小規(guī)模的村集體便于農(nóng)戶協(xié)商,采取一致的集體行動(dòng)。山東省墾利縣永安鎮(zhèn)二十八村僅有農(nóng)戶53戶,總?cè)丝?53人,本村確權(quán)耕地總面積為6 420畝,其中家庭承包責(zé)任田為3 500畝,其余2 920畝由村集體采取土地入股方式進(jìn)行土地開(kāi)發(fā)、經(jīng)營(yíng),收益用于農(nóng)用地道路、溝渠、水庫(kù)等農(nóng)田水利設(shè)施建設(shè),這種“以地養(yǎng)水,以水養(yǎng)地”的模式充分發(fā)揮了鹽堿地資產(chǎn)價(jià)值,降低了農(nóng)戶生產(chǎn)成本,這種做法對(duì)于地多人少的鹽堿地區(qū)域具有借鑒意義。

      (編輯:王愛(ài)萍)

      參考文獻(xiàn)(References)

      [1]楊勁松. 中國(guó)鹽漬土研究的發(fā)展歷程與展望[J]. 土壤學(xué)報(bào),2008,45(5):837-845. [Yang Jinsong. Development and Prospect of the Research on Salt-affected Soils in China[J]. Acta Pedologica Sinica, 2008, 45(5):837-845.]

      [2]單光宗,祝壽泉,王遵親,等. 徐淮黃泛平原農(nóng)田生態(tài)系統(tǒng)演變及旱澇鹽堿綜合治理[J]. 土壤學(xué)報(bào),1986,23(4):345-353. [Shan Guangzong, Zhu Shouquan, Wang Zunqin, et al. Study on Evolution of Farmland Ecosystem and the Comprehensive Improvenment of Drought Waterlogging Salinization and Alkalization of Soils in Alluvial Plain of Xuzhou and Huaiyin Region[J]. Acta Pedologica Sinica, 1986, 23(4):345-353.]

      [3]李建國(guó),濮勵(lì)杰,朱明,等. 土壤鹽漬化研究現(xiàn)狀及未來(lái)研究熱點(diǎn)[J]. 地理學(xué)報(bào),2012,67(9):87-93. [Li Jianguo, Pu Lijie, Zhu Ming, et al. The Present Situation and Hot Issues in the Salt-affected Soil Research[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2012, 67(9): 87-93.]

      [4]朱紅根, 翁貞林, 康蘭媛. 農(nóng)戶參與農(nóng)田水利建設(shè)意愿影響因素的理論與實(shí)證分析[J]. 自然資源學(xué)報(bào), 2010, 25(4):539-546. [Zhu Honggen, Wen Zhenlin, Kang Lanyuan. Theoretical and Empirical Analysis of the Factors Influencing the Willingness of Farmers Participation in Construction of Water Conservancy Works: Based on the Survey of 619 Major Rice-planting Farmers in Jiangxi Province[J]. Journal of Natural Resources, 2010, 25(4): 539-546.]

      [5]劉亞克,王金霞,李玉敏,等. 農(nóng)業(yè)節(jié)水技術(shù)的采用及影響因素[J]. 自然資源學(xué)報(bào),2011,26(6):932-942. [Liu Keya, Wang Jinxia, Li Yumin, et al. Study on the Adoption and Determinants of Agricultural Water Saving Technologies[J]. Journal of Natural Resources, 2011, 26(6): 932-942.]

      [6]王金霞,黃季焜,S. Rozelle. 地下水灌溉系統(tǒng)產(chǎn)權(quán)制度的創(chuàng)新與理論解釋:小型水利工程的實(shí)證研究[J].經(jīng)濟(jì)研究,2000,(4):66-79. [Wang Jinxia, Huang Jikun, Rozelle S. An Innovation of Property Right in the Groundwater Irrigation System and its Theoretical Explanation[J]. Economic Research Journal, 2000, (4):66-79.]

      [7]劉國(guó)勇,陳彤. 干旱區(qū)農(nóng)戶灌溉行為選擇的影響因素分析:基于新疆焉耆盆地的實(shí)證研究[J]. 農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟(jì),2010,(9):105-108. [Liu Guoyong, Chen Tong. Study on Factors Influencing Farmers Choice of Irrigation Actions: A Case Study of Yanqi Basin, Xinjiang Province[J]. Rural Economy, 2010, (9):105-108.]

      [8]韓青,譚向勇. 農(nóng)戶灌溉技術(shù)選擇的影響因素分析[J]. 中國(guó)農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟(jì),2004,(1):63-69. [Han Qing, Tan Xiangyong. Study on Factors Influencing Farmers Choice of Irrigation Technologies[J]. Chinese Rural Economy, 2004, (1):63-69.]

      [9]韓青,袁學(xué)國(guó). 參與式灌溉管理對(duì)農(nóng)戶用水行為的影響[J]. 中國(guó)人口·資源與環(huán)境,2011,(4):126-131. [Han Qing, Yuan Xueguo. Impact of Participatory Irrigation Management of Water Users Association on Farmers Water-using Behavior in Zhangye Irrigation District[J]. China Population Resources and Environment, 2011,(4):126-131.]

      [10]Rosegrant M W, Schleyer R G, Yadav S N. Water Policy for Efficient Agricultural Diversification: Market-based Approaches[J]. Food Policy, 1995, 20(3): 203-223.

      [11]Yildirim Y E, Akmak B. Participatory Irrigation Management in Turkey[J]. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 2004, 20(2): 219-228.

      [12]馬培衢,劉偉章. 集體行動(dòng)邏輯與灌區(qū)農(nóng)戶灌溉行為分析:基于中國(guó)漳河灌區(qū)微觀數(shù)據(jù)的研究[J]. 財(cái)經(jīng)研究,2006,32(12):4-15. [Ma Peiqu, Liu Weizhang. Logic of Collective Actions and Empirical Analysis on Farmers Irrigation Actions: An Empirical Research from Zhang He Irrigation Area of China[J]. Journal of Finance and Economics, 2006, 32(12): 4-15.]

      [13]閻文圣,肖焰恒. 中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)應(yīng)用的宏觀取向與農(nóng)戶技術(shù)采用行為誘導(dǎo)[J].中國(guó)人口·資源與環(huán)境,2002,12(3):27-31. [Yan Wensheng, Xiao Yanheng. Disparity Analysis Between the Tropism of Chinese Government Technology Application and the Guiding Measures to Farmers Technology Acts[J]. China Population Resources and Environment, 2002, 12(3):27-31.]

      [14]賀雪峰,羅興佐,陳濤,等. 鄉(xiāng)村水利與農(nóng)地制度創(chuàng)新:以荊門市劃片承包調(diào)查為例[J].管理世界,2003,(9):76-88. [He Xuefeng, Luo Xingzuo, Chen Tao, et al. China Rural Water Conservancy and the Farmland Institutional Innovation[J]. Management World, 2003, (9):76-88.]

      [15]嚴(yán)金泉. 土地承包制與耕地持續(xù)利用問(wèn)題的實(shí)證研究[J].中國(guó)農(nóng)村觀察,1998,(6):11-15. [Yan Jinquan. Study on the Relationship between Rural Land Contract Management System and Sustainable Farmland Use[J]. China Rural Survey, 1998,(6):11-15.]

      [16]辛良杰,李秀彬,朱會(huì)義,等. 農(nóng)戶土地規(guī)模與生產(chǎn)率的關(guān)系及其解釋的印證:以吉林省為例[J].地理研究,2009,28(5):1276-1284. [Xin Liangjie, Li Xiubin, Zhu Huiyi, et al. Validation of the Inverse Farm Sizeproductivity Relationship and Its Explanations: a Case Study of Jilin Province[J]. Geographical Research, 2009, 28(5):1276-1284.]

      [17]MeinzenDick R, Raju K V, Gulati A. What Affects Organization and Collective Action for Managing Resources? Evidence from Canal Irrigation Systems in India[J]. World Development, 2002, 30(4): 649-666.

      [18]黎紅梅. 農(nóng)戶灌溉行為對(duì)水稻生產(chǎn)技術(shù)效率的影響研究[D].長(zhǎng)沙:湖南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué),2009. [Li Hongmei. Effects of Farmers Irrigation Behavior on Technical Efficiency in Rice Production: a Case of Zhanghe Irrigation System in Hubei[D]. Changsha: Hunan Agricultural University, 2009.]

      [19]林年豐,湯潔. 松嫩平原環(huán)境演變與土地鹽堿化、荒漠化的成因分析[J]. 第四紀(jì)研究, 2005,(4):474-483. [Study on the Environment Evolution and the Analysis of Causes to Land Salinization and Desertification in Songnen Plain[J]. Quaternary Sciences, 2005, (4):474-483.]

      [20]劉金榮,謝曉蓉,金自學(xué),等. 河西走廊干旱荒漠區(qū)鹽堿化土地修復(fù)與調(diào)控研究:以黑河灌區(qū)為例[J].中國(guó)地質(zhì)災(zāi)害與防治學(xué)報(bào),2005,(3):89-92. [Liu Jinrong, Xie Xiaorong, Jin Zixue, et al. Study on the Recovery and Control of the SalineAlkali Lands in Hexi Corridor Drought Area: an Example in Heihe River Irrigated Area[J]. The Chinese Journal of Geological Hazard and Control, 2005,(3): 89-92.]

      [21]Green G, Sunding D, Zilberman D, et al. Explaining Irrigation Technology Choices: a Microparameter Approach[J]. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 1996, 78(4): 1064-1072.

      [22]賀雪峰,郭亮. 農(nóng)田水利的利益主體及其成本收益分析:以湖北省沙洋縣農(nóng)田水利調(diào)查為基礎(chǔ)[J]. 管理世界,2010,(7):86-97. [He Xuefeng, Guo Liang. An Analysis of the Main Body of the Benefited in Farmland Irrigation and Water Conservancy and an Analysis of the Cost Effectiveness Thereof[J]. Management World, 2010, (7):86-97.]

      AbstractThe reasonable rural irrigation and water conservancy facilities are important to the sustainable saline farmland use. The purpose of the paper is to study farmers willingness of participating in the rural irrigation and water conservancy facilities of saline farmland and its relationship with land use policy. The binary Logistic model is formulated based on the questionnaire survey of 468 framers from 14 villages, 8 towns in Kenli (Jilin), Zhenlai (Shandong) and Chabuchaer (Xinjiang) counties. The results show that increasing the scale of land management and the size of a plot, decreasing the fragmentation degree of farmland, and stabilizing the right to contract and manage rural land can improve the farmers willingness in rural irrigation and water conservancy facilities. It is the relative scarcity of water resources and agricultural water charges proportion of total agriculture production cost that the farm households make decision depend on. Especially, in farmland occupation scenario, the perfect degree of rural irrigation and water conservancy facilities is the key factor that influences the willingness of farm households. Farmers are more willing to participate in management of rural irrigation and water conservancy facilities with the government investment by the projects of land integrated consolidation and improvement of low and middleyield farmland. Therefore, in order to realize the sustainable utilization of saline farmland, this research suggests that its necessary for contracted saline farmland to adopt the appropriate scale of agricultural operations by land transfer, and for uncontracted saline farmland to increase the size of a plot during the land allocation. The policy of longterm land contractual right is helpful to stabilize the expected agricultural production and increase the longterm investment for farm households. Building the sound management mechanism of agriculture irrigation water, improving the perfect degree of rural irrigation and water conservancy facilities, and increasing agriculture irrigation water cost standard will have a positive impact on farmers willingness significantly, which is also important for the water resource utilization and the sustainable development of saline soil agriculture.

      Key wordsland use policy; rural irrigation and water conservancy facilities; saline farmland; farmer

      [18]黎紅梅. 農(nóng)戶灌溉行為對(duì)水稻生產(chǎn)技術(shù)效率的影響研究[D].長(zhǎng)沙:湖南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué),2009. [Li Hongmei. Effects of Farmers Irrigation Behavior on Technical Efficiency in Rice Production: a Case of Zhanghe Irrigation System in Hubei[D]. Changsha: Hunan Agricultural University, 2009.]

      [19]林年豐,湯潔. 松嫩平原環(huán)境演變與土地鹽堿化、荒漠化的成因分析[J]. 第四紀(jì)研究, 2005,(4):474-483. [Study on the Environment Evolution and the Analysis of Causes to Land Salinization and Desertification in Songnen Plain[J]. Quaternary Sciences, 2005, (4):474-483.]

      [20]劉金榮,謝曉蓉,金自學(xué),等. 河西走廊干旱荒漠區(qū)鹽堿化土地修復(fù)與調(diào)控研究:以黑河灌區(qū)為例[J].中國(guó)地質(zhì)災(zāi)害與防治學(xué)報(bào),2005,(3):89-92. [Liu Jinrong, Xie Xiaorong, Jin Zixue, et al. Study on the Recovery and Control of the SalineAlkali Lands in Hexi Corridor Drought Area: an Example in Heihe River Irrigated Area[J]. The Chinese Journal of Geological Hazard and Control, 2005,(3): 89-92.]

      [21]Green G, Sunding D, Zilberman D, et al. Explaining Irrigation Technology Choices: a Microparameter Approach[J]. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 1996, 78(4): 1064-1072.

      [22]賀雪峰,郭亮. 農(nóng)田水利的利益主體及其成本收益分析:以湖北省沙洋縣農(nóng)田水利調(diào)查為基礎(chǔ)[J]. 管理世界,2010,(7):86-97. [He Xuefeng, Guo Liang. An Analysis of the Main Body of the Benefited in Farmland Irrigation and Water Conservancy and an Analysis of the Cost Effectiveness Thereof[J]. Management World, 2010, (7):86-97.]

      AbstractThe reasonable rural irrigation and water conservancy facilities are important to the sustainable saline farmland use. The purpose of the paper is to study farmers willingness of participating in the rural irrigation and water conservancy facilities of saline farmland and its relationship with land use policy. The binary Logistic model is formulated based on the questionnaire survey of 468 framers from 14 villages, 8 towns in Kenli (Jilin), Zhenlai (Shandong) and Chabuchaer (Xinjiang) counties. The results show that increasing the scale of land management and the size of a plot, decreasing the fragmentation degree of farmland, and stabilizing the right to contract and manage rural land can improve the farmers willingness in rural irrigation and water conservancy facilities. It is the relative scarcity of water resources and agricultural water charges proportion of total agriculture production cost that the farm households make decision depend on. Especially, in farmland occupation scenario, the perfect degree of rural irrigation and water conservancy facilities is the key factor that influences the willingness of farm households. Farmers are more willing to participate in management of rural irrigation and water conservancy facilities with the government investment by the projects of land integrated consolidation and improvement of low and middleyield farmland. Therefore, in order to realize the sustainable utilization of saline farmland, this research suggests that its necessary for contracted saline farmland to adopt the appropriate scale of agricultural operations by land transfer, and for uncontracted saline farmland to increase the size of a plot during the land allocation. The policy of longterm land contractual right is helpful to stabilize the expected agricultural production and increase the longterm investment for farm households. Building the sound management mechanism of agriculture irrigation water, improving the perfect degree of rural irrigation and water conservancy facilities, and increasing agriculture irrigation water cost standard will have a positive impact on farmers willingness significantly, which is also important for the water resource utilization and the sustainable development of saline soil agriculture.

      Key wordsland use policy; rural irrigation and water conservancy facilities; saline farmland; farmer

      [18]黎紅梅. 農(nóng)戶灌溉行為對(duì)水稻生產(chǎn)技術(shù)效率的影響研究[D].長(zhǎng)沙:湖南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué),2009. [Li Hongmei. Effects of Farmers Irrigation Behavior on Technical Efficiency in Rice Production: a Case of Zhanghe Irrigation System in Hubei[D]. Changsha: Hunan Agricultural University, 2009.]

      [19]林年豐,湯潔. 松嫩平原環(huán)境演變與土地鹽堿化、荒漠化的成因分析[J]. 第四紀(jì)研究, 2005,(4):474-483. [Study on the Environment Evolution and the Analysis of Causes to Land Salinization and Desertification in Songnen Plain[J]. Quaternary Sciences, 2005, (4):474-483.]

      [20]劉金榮,謝曉蓉,金自學(xué),等. 河西走廊干旱荒漠區(qū)鹽堿化土地修復(fù)與調(diào)控研究:以黑河灌區(qū)為例[J].中國(guó)地質(zhì)災(zāi)害與防治學(xué)報(bào),2005,(3):89-92. [Liu Jinrong, Xie Xiaorong, Jin Zixue, et al. Study on the Recovery and Control of the SalineAlkali Lands in Hexi Corridor Drought Area: an Example in Heihe River Irrigated Area[J]. The Chinese Journal of Geological Hazard and Control, 2005,(3): 89-92.]

      [21]Green G, Sunding D, Zilberman D, et al. Explaining Irrigation Technology Choices: a Microparameter Approach[J]. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 1996, 78(4): 1064-1072.

      [22]賀雪峰,郭亮. 農(nóng)田水利的利益主體及其成本收益分析:以湖北省沙洋縣農(nóng)田水利調(diào)查為基礎(chǔ)[J]. 管理世界,2010,(7):86-97. [He Xuefeng, Guo Liang. An Analysis of the Main Body of the Benefited in Farmland Irrigation and Water Conservancy and an Analysis of the Cost Effectiveness Thereof[J]. Management World, 2010, (7):86-97.]

      AbstractThe reasonable rural irrigation and water conservancy facilities are important to the sustainable saline farmland use. The purpose of the paper is to study farmers willingness of participating in the rural irrigation and water conservancy facilities of saline farmland and its relationship with land use policy. The binary Logistic model is formulated based on the questionnaire survey of 468 framers from 14 villages, 8 towns in Kenli (Jilin), Zhenlai (Shandong) and Chabuchaer (Xinjiang) counties. The results show that increasing the scale of land management and the size of a plot, decreasing the fragmentation degree of farmland, and stabilizing the right to contract and manage rural land can improve the farmers willingness in rural irrigation and water conservancy facilities. It is the relative scarcity of water resources and agricultural water charges proportion of total agriculture production cost that the farm households make decision depend on. Especially, in farmland occupation scenario, the perfect degree of rural irrigation and water conservancy facilities is the key factor that influences the willingness of farm households. Farmers are more willing to participate in management of rural irrigation and water conservancy facilities with the government investment by the projects of land integrated consolidation and improvement of low and middleyield farmland. Therefore, in order to realize the sustainable utilization of saline farmland, this research suggests that its necessary for contracted saline farmland to adopt the appropriate scale of agricultural operations by land transfer, and for uncontracted saline farmland to increase the size of a plot during the land allocation. The policy of longterm land contractual right is helpful to stabilize the expected agricultural production and increase the longterm investment for farm households. Building the sound management mechanism of agriculture irrigation water, improving the perfect degree of rural irrigation and water conservancy facilities, and increasing agriculture irrigation water cost standard will have a positive impact on farmers willingness significantly, which is also important for the water resource utilization and the sustainable development of saline soil agriculture.

      Key wordsland use policy; rural irrigation and water conservancy facilities; saline farmland; farmer

      庐江县| 宁远县| 松阳县| 板桥市| 辉南县| 武邑县| 河曲县| 故城县| 马鞍山市| 丹阳市| 色达县| 武山县| 乌恰县| 九江市| 乌鲁木齐县| 安西县| 收藏| 东山县| 漳浦县| 万盛区| 遂川县| 杂多县| 安龙县| 永登县| 揭东县| 博乐市| 望江县| 巩留县| 太仓市| 梧州市| 喜德县| 新平| 双鸭山市| 吴堡县| 黄浦区| 墨竹工卡县| 讷河市| 长子县| 纳雍县| 古浪县| 勃利县|