至繁歸于至簡(jiǎn)
——古琴，音律之外的自由

文/五花肉

至繁歸于至簡(jiǎn)
——古琴，音律之外的自由

From ComplicacytoSimplicity——FreedomoutsideGuqinandmelodies

文/五花肉

音律Temperament天道之?dāng)?shù)Trend of Natural Development古琴減字譜Jianzi Notation《高山流水》Lofty Mountains& Flowing Water

——《孟子》

If you do not understand temperament,even you have ears as sensitive as Shikuang’s,you can not adjust the five music scales.It is the rules that regulate things.When you thoroughly understand that, you can handle all the things accordingly,which is also the way to govern,and all the sacred kings in ancient times followed the way.

——《呂氏春秋·大樂(lè)》

Having been for a long time,the music is generated from the measurement for melody while rooted in The One.

如果說(shuō)古琴的形制，體現(xiàn)的是文人雅士對(duì)于美好社會(huì)秩序以及天人合一境界的向往，那么藉由古琴所演繹的中國(guó)古代音律，以及用以傳承古琴技藝的記譜方法，便是中國(guó)古人尊崇自然、法天乘氣，乃至追求人性自由的體現(xiàn)。

If we say the shape of Guqin reflects the yearning of the ancient literati for a better social order and a harmonious state for both the nature and human beings, Chinese ancient music played with Guqin and the ways to make music scores for passing down Guqin playing skills are the embodiment of the Chinese ancient people in respecting nature,doing things according to rules of the nature and even in pursuing human freedom.

有學(xué)者指出，傳統(tǒng)中國(guó)的律，是一種通過(guò)“候氣”而被驗(yàn)證的綜合標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，它既是用于天文觀測(cè)計(jì)算方面的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，又是測(cè)定音之高低，還是度、量、衡的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。十二律與十二氣的匹配，是由測(cè)度天道之?dāng)?shù)來(lái)衡量人間社會(huì)的政治之?dāng)?shù)，從而達(dá)到維護(hù)政治統(tǒng)治和社會(huì)秩序的目的。

Some scholars have pointed out that the traditional Chinese lü is a set of test-proven and comprehensive criteria through"houqi",which can be used as the standard for astronomical observation and calculation, as well as references for measuring pitch,length,volume and weight.The matching of 12 lü with 12 qi is a measuring way of the trend of natural development, which is used to measure that of politics in human society,so as to achieve the aim to maintain political domination and social order.

減字譜與琴徽

事實(shí)上，中國(guó)古代的律包含了歷律、音律、度量衡等內(nèi)容，其產(chǎn)生、確定與推行，如同秦始皇統(tǒng)一度量衡等中國(guó)古代標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化實(shí)踐一樣，充滿(mǎn)著濃重的權(quán)力支配色彩。但當(dāng)古代皇權(quán)遭遇古琴這門(mén)文人技藝時(shí)，刻板的音律卻衍生出別樣的自由色彩。

In fact,the ancient Chinese lü includes calendar, temperament and measurement of length,volume& weight.The coming-into-being,establishment and popularization of the lü was full of the meaning of imperial power control,just like the implementation of standardization in Chinese ancient times such as the unifying of the units of measurements by Qin Shi Huang,the first emperor of Qin Dynasty.Incredibly, when the ancient imperial power encountered the skill shown by literary artists in Guqin,the mechanical modes appear a spirit glowing with freedom.

這種自由首先體現(xiàn)在古琴的形制上。川派古琴代表人物顧梅羹先生在《琴學(xué)備要·音律》“明徽”章指出，如果嚴(yán)格按照琴弦與按音部位的不同而設(shè)徽，則古琴需要設(shè)立五十余徽，如繁星密布，這遠(yuǎn)不如實(shí)際的十三徽來(lái)得清朗。

The freedom is firstly reflected in the shape.According to Mr.Gu Meigeng,a Guqin master of Sichuan School,has pointed out in his book Notices for Guqin Skill?Mode that,if the beat indicators are fixed strictly according to the arrangement of strings and for the convenience for people to play,there will be more than 50 beat indicators.Such arrangement will be too complicated to master,compared with the simple and clear arrangement of 13 indicators.

同樣的，自由還體現(xiàn)在既無(wú)音高旋律亦無(wú)節(jié)奏節(jié)拍，且篇幅繁冗的古琴減字譜上?！吨袊?guó)琴學(xué)》一書(shū)指出，這種在同一種樂(lè)器的專(zhuān)用譜式上，細(xì)致、精確無(wú)誤地標(biāo)注出三種律制的音律現(xiàn)象，在古今中外各類(lèi)譜式中是罕見(jiàn)的。借助這種今人看來(lái)充滿(mǎn)缺憾的文字譜，千余年來(lái)古人為我們留下了六百多首琴譜、三千多種傳譜，古琴藝術(shù)也因此得到了穩(wěn)定的傳承與發(fā)展……對(duì)撫琴者來(lái)說(shuō)，撫琴并不是遵循嚴(yán)格的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、在樂(lè)器上精確地重復(fù)別人的旋律，而是以意境為重，抒發(fā)胸臆、傾聽(tīng)心靈之聲。

While at the same time,the freedom is also reflected in complex and tedious Jianzi Notation with neither pitch&melody nor rhythm&beat.In Chinese Qinxue,the author pointed out that the way of marking three temperament systems meticulously,precisely and unmistakably in a special notation style for a same musical instrument is really rare in history and in the world.By virtue of those scores composed with Chinese characters,our ancestors in the past 1,000-odd years have passed down to us more than 600 pieces of original Guqin music and more than 3,000 kinds of imparted music.With the benefit of that,Guqin art has been inherited and developed in a stable way...... To a Guqin player,playing music is not an accurate repeat of the melodies on the instrument,but a subject way of focusing on artistic conception,expressing his emotion and listening to the voice of his soul.

毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)，這種包含了形制與記譜方法的古琴“標(biāo)準(zhǔn)體系”，充滿(mǎn)了自由色彩，與中國(guó)古代的音律規(guī)范相互作用，產(chǎn)生了獨(dú)特的美學(xué)張力。當(dāng)《高山流水》的旋律隨同“旅行者1號(hào)”進(jìn)入星際空間，成為人類(lèi)文明與地外文明交流的橋梁之一，古琴藝術(shù)這顆中華民族悠久文化的璀璨明珠注定將與日月星辰同輝。

There is no doubt that the standard system for Guqin including its shape design and its notation is full of freedom.The interaction between the system and Chinese ancient temperament norms generates a unique aesthetic perspective.When the melody of the Lofty Mountains and Flowing Water entered into the interstellar space with“Voyager 1",and became a bridge connecting human civilization and extraterrestrial civilization,Guqin art,one of the resplendent shining pearls of Chinese national culture,is destined to shine forever like the sun and the moon.

（支持單位：上海市標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化研究院）

古琴曲《高山流水》被收入旅行者1號(hào)“金唱盤(pán)”