楊東婷,楊國旭,董 偉,賈愛群*
1南京理工大學化工學院;2南京理工大學環(huán)境與生物工程學院,南京210014
木蘭科鵝掌楸屬植物是在中生代侏羅紀就已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)的一種被子植物,目前全球僅存兩個種:北美鵝掌楸(Liriodendron tulipifera L.),主要分布于美國東部和加拿大東南部[1]。中國鵝掌楸[Liriodendron Chinense(Hemsl.)sarg.],星散分布于長江流域以南區(qū)域,如江西(廬山)、福建(武夷山)、湖北(房縣)等[2],是首批列入《中國珍稀瀕危保護植物名錄》的國家二類瀕危植物。這兩個種又被稱之為“洲際種對”(Vicariad Species Pairs)[3]。為保護瀕危植物,1963年,我國林木育種學家葉培忠教授首次以中國鵝掌楸為母本,與北美鵝掌楸雜交成功選育得到種間雜交種--雜交鵝掌楸[L.chinense(Hemsl.)Sarg.x L.tulipifera L.][4,5],又稱雜交馬褂木。
鵝掌楸屬植物作為傳統(tǒng)的藥用植物,具有很高的藥用價值?!度珖胁菟巺R編》記載以中國鵝掌楸的樹皮和樹根入藥,可祛風除濕,止咳消喘,用于治療風寒咳嗽,風濕關節(jié)痛等病癥。北美鵝掌楸樹皮亦早期曾被作印第安人用于輔助用藥、興奮劑和退燒藥,并且美國內(nèi)戰(zhàn)中北美鵝掌楸樹皮的粗提物曾作為喹啉的替代物,用于治療瘧疾[6]。國內(nèi)外學者對北美鵝掌楸中所含有的化合物及其藥理活性進行了較為深入系統(tǒng)的研究,而對中國鵝掌楸植物的研究則相對較少,尤其迄今未見雜交鵝掌楸中化學成分的研究報道。本文對鵝掌楸屬植物中分離鑒定得到多種生物堿類、倍半萜內(nèi)酯類、黃酮類及苯丙素類等化學成分及該屬植物部位成分可能的生物活性做一綜述。
生物堿類化合物廣泛存在鵝掌楸屬植物中。目前,國內(nèi)外學者已經(jīng)從北美鵝掌楸的不同部位分離得到46個生物堿,其中大部分為阿樸啡類生物堿及其脫氫、氧化的衍生物,只有少量的生物堿是原阿樸啡類生物堿和四氫小檗堿,見表1。
倍半萜類化合物也存在鵝掌楸屬植物中。目前,該屬植物中已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)十余種愈創(chuàng)木烷型、吉馬型、桉葉烷型構型的倍半萜類化合物,見表2。
表1 鵝掌楸屬植物的生物堿Table 1 Alkaloids of Liriodendron Genus
L.tulipifera(Leaves) [7]O -Methyllirinine CH3 OCH3 OCH3 OCH3 H H L.tulipifera(Leaves) [17]Apoglaziovine CH3 OH OCH3 H OH H L.tulipifera(Flowers) [18]Perdicentrine CH3 OCH3 OH OCH3 OCH3 H L.tulipifera(Flowers) [7]N -Methyllaurotetanine CH3 OCH3 OCH3 OH OCH3 H L.tulipifera(Leaves) [7,19]Lirioferine CH3 OCH3 OCH3 OCH3 OH H L.tulipifera(Barks) [7]Norglaucine H OCH3 OCH3 OCH3 OCH3 H L.tulipifera(Barks) [6,7]Glaucine CH3 OCH3 OCH3 OCH3 OCH3 H L.tulipifera(Woods) [7,20,21]Boldine CH3 OH OCH3 OCH3 OH H L.tulipifera(Leaves) [7]N -Acetylnormantenine COCH3 OCH3 OCH3 O2CH2 H L.tulipifera(Leaves) [7,15]Liriotulipiferine CH3 OCH3 OH OCH3 OH H L.tulipifera(Leaves) [7]Lirinine N-oxide OxoaporphinesR1 R2 R3 R4 R5 Liriodenine O2CH2 H H H L.tulipifera(Leaves) [6,7,22]Lysicamine OCH3 OCH3 H H H L.tulipifera(Woods) [7,9]Liriodendronine OH OH H H H L.tulipifera(Barks) [7,20]Liridrine OCH3 OCH3 OCH3 H H L.tulipifera(Leaves) [11,23]Lanuginosine O2CH2 H OCH3 H L.tulipifera(Barks) [7]N -Methylatheroline OCH3 OCH3 OCH3 OCH3 H L.tulipifera(Barks) [6]Corunnine L.tulipifera(Leaves) [7]Dehydro-aporphinesR R1 R2 R3 R4 Dehydroremerine CH3 O2CH2 H H L.tulipifera(Woods) [7]Dehydroisolaurenine CH3 O2 CH2 OCH3 H L.tulipifera(Flowers) [7]Dehydroglaucine CH3 OCH3 OCH3 OCH3 OCH3 L.tulipifera(Woods) [7,15]Proaporphine N-Methylcrotsparine L.tulipifera(Leaves) [24]
TetrahydroprotoberberineR1 R2 R3 R4 Isocorypalamine OCH3 OH OCH3 OCH3 L.tulipifera(Leaves) [19]Stepholidine OCH3 OH OCH3 OH L.tulipifera(Flowers) [18]
表2 鵝掌楸植物中的倍半萜Table 2 Sesquiterpenes of Liriodendron genus
β-CyclolipiferolideL.tulipifera(Leaves) [26]
苯丙素類化合物主要存在鵝掌楸屬植物的莖、葉和種子中。目前,國內(nèi)外學者已在北美鵝掌楸植物中已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)木質(zhì)素類和苯丙素類化合物,見表3。
表3 鵝掌楸屬植物中的苯丙素類化合物Table 3 Phenylpropanoids of Liriodendron Genus
在北美鵝掌楸植物的莖中發(fā)現(xiàn)了甾體類化合物,見表4。
表4 鵝掌楸屬植物中的甾體類化合物Table 4 Steroids of Liriodendron Genus
β-Sitostenone =O L.tulipifera(Stems) [31]Stigmasterol L.tulipifera(Stems) [31]Stigmastenone =O L.tulipifera(Stems) [31]
僅在北美鵝掌楸植物中發(fā)現(xiàn)了一個黃酮類化合物 5-Hydroxy-6-2-dimethoxy isoflavone 7-O-β-D galacotopyranoside[33],其結構如圖所示。
鵝掌楸屬植物及其部位成分含有各種生物活性成分,《全國中草藥編匯》中記載鵝掌楸屬植物具有祛風除濕,止咳,可用于風濕關節(jié)痛,風寒咳嗽。文獻報道有抗菌、抗瘧疾,抗腫瘤等。
李書華和曾超珍分別采用濾紙片觀察法和杯碟法表明:中國鵝掌楸的正丁醇部位抑菌性最強,且中國鵝掌楸提取物對金色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)、枯草芽孢桿菌(Bacillus subtilis)、大腸埃希桿菌(Escherichia coli)的生長均有較強的抑制效果,其MIC 值分別為 0.0313、0.0625、0.0625 mg/mL[34,35]。
Anonaine對三種革蘭氏陽性菌:蠟樣芽孢桿菌(Bacillus cereus)、微球菌屬(Micrococcus)、金黃色葡萄球菌具有顯著的抑菌作用(MIC值≥50 mg/mL)。同時Anonaine也能夠有效的抑制真菌如白色念珠菌(Candida albicans)、新型隱球菌(Cryptococcus neoformans)及其他念珠屬菌類的生長(MIC值在 62.5 ~1000 mg/mL 之間)[36]。
Liriodenine能夠抑制多種革蘭氏陽性菌如枯草芽孢桿菌、金黃色葡萄球菌及β-溶血鏈球菌(Beta hemolytic streptococcus)等和革蘭氏陰性菌如大腸埃希桿菌、銅綠假單胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa)和志賀痢疾桿菌(Shigella shigae)等的生長。Liriodenine對黃曲霉(Aspergillus flavus)、白色念珠菌、雜色曲霉(Aspergillus versicolor)和黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)等真菌亦具有顯著的細胞毒性[37]。同時,Lysicamine和Liriodenine對表皮葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus epidermidis)和都柏林念珠菌(Candida dubliniensis)具有細胞毒性(MIC值在12.5~100 mg/mL之間)[36]。
Graziose R等研究發(fā)現(xiàn)北美鵝掌楸樹皮及樹皮的乙醇提取物和葉子的氯仿提取物均具有抗瘧原蟲活性,其 IC50值分別為 10.9 μg/mL,2.0 μg/mL[6]。
Liriodenine能夠抑制利什曼原蟲(Leishmania braziliensis和 Leishmania donovani)和惡性瘧原蟲(Plasmodium falciparum)的生長(其 IC50值分別為21.5、26.16、15 mM)[38,39]。Graziose R 等人從北美鵝掌楸樹皮中分離純化得到六種阿樸啡類生物堿:Asimilobine、Norushinsunine、Norglaucine、Liriodenine、Anonaine、Oxoglaucine,并在體外進行抗瘧疾活性實驗,實驗顯示這六種生物堿均具有抗瘧疾活性。并且研究顯示Dehydroremerine在體外能夠抑制惡性瘧原蟲Plasmodium falciparum W2的生長,其IC50值為0.36 mM。Caaverine亦對利什曼原蟲和克氏錐蟲具有顯著的抑制效果[6]。
Jin-Hui Chen等人研究表明中國、北美及雜交鵝掌楸的莖、葉的粗體物對人體乳腺癌細胞MDAMB-231和MCF-7、胃癌細胞SGC-7901、肝癌細胞HuH-7及結腸癌細胞HCT-15都有不同程度的抑制活性[40]。Rao等人亦研究顯示北美鵝掌楸根部樹皮的醇提物對人的鼻咽癌細胞KB細胞具有強烈的抑制活性[35]。
Anonaine能夠抑制人肺癌細胞H1299增殖,擴散遷移以及阻斷H1299細胞周期,引起其DNA損傷,進而抑制癌細胞生長[41];同時Anonaine能夠上調(diào)宮頸癌細胞HeLa細胞中Bax蛋白和p53蛋白表達,促使癌細胞迅速凋亡[42]。
Gerhardt D等人指出Boldine能有效的抑制神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)瘤細胞系U138MG、U87-MG和C6的細胞生長,Boldine可能成為治療神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)瘤的一種潛在的抗癌藥物[43]。
Liriodenine對人的多種癌細胞生長具有抑制作用。Yang C等人通過實驗指出Liriodenine能夠抑制癌細胞系MCF-7、NCI-H460和SF-268細胞的生長(其 IC50值分別為 2.19、2.38 和 3.19 mg/mL)[44],且 Liriodenine 可以誘導癌細胞凋亡。同時,Liriodenine分別和金屬離子 Mn2+、Fe2+、Co2+和Zn2+形成復合物,增強對癌細胞株的毒性[45,46]。Liriodenine堿銀配合物(AgLA2)在體外能夠抑制肺癌細胞SPC-A-1增殖,并誘導肺癌細胞凋亡[45]。
Lanuginosine能夠抑制肝細胞癌細胞系HepG2和腦癌細胞系 U251的增殖[47],并誘導其凋亡,Caaverine對 HepG2細胞具有強烈的抑制活性[48]。
Boldine在體外和多巴胺受體結合能力非常強。Boldine和Glaucine在大鼠神經(jīng)具有抑制功效,表明它們對多巴胺受體可能有拮抗作用,研究顯示Boldine在體外對D1-和D2-受體均具有良好的親和力,但在體內(nèi)卻不能有效的顯示對中樞系統(tǒng)多巴胺受體的拮抗作用;而Glaucine在體內(nèi)有顯著的多巴胺受體拮抗作用,但在體外實驗中效果卻并不明顯[49]。
除了上述活性外,鵝掌楸屬中的阿樸啡生物堿還表現(xiàn)出許多其他生物活性。Lysicamine、Glaucine和 Nornuciferine 具 有 安 眠 鎮(zhèn) 靜 的 功 效[50,51];Glaucine和Oxoglaucine顯示出明顯的消炎能力[52];Nuciferine具有較強的抗 HIV活性(IC50值為0.8 mg/mL)[53];N-methylcrotsparine 能夠抑制單純性皰疹病毒 HSV-1、HSV-1-TK、HSV-2(IC50值分別為8.3、7.7、6.7 mg/mL)[54];Anonaine 、Liriodenine、Norshinsunine 具有促使血管舒張作用[42,55],同時,Liriodenine具有抗心率不齊和在心肌缺血再灌注損傷時對心臟和心血管保護的功效[56,57];Liriodenine、Lanuginosine、N-acetylnornuciferine可以抑制由花生四烯酸等引發(fā)的血小板聚集[58-60];Boldine能夠通過清除活性氧和活性自由基,抑制次黃嘌呤-黃嘌呤氧化鎂系統(tǒng)等機理發(fā)揮其抗氧化作用[61,62]。
鵝掌楸屬植物含有結構多樣的植物化學成分以及潛在的生物活性成分,開發(fā)利用本屬植物資源有良好的藥學等應用前景。目前從鵝掌楸屬植物中所分離得到的部位成分大多具有良好的生物活性,但該屬植物尤其中國馬褂木中化學成分以及可能的活性物質(zhì)還沒有被系統(tǒng)研究,另外中國馬褂木和北美鵝掌楸均為孑遺瀕危植物,通過對雜交馬褂木中活性成分的研究顯得更有意義??偨Y提出進一步創(chuàng)新性研究想法與思路!
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