孫建波
摘 要:研究2013年江西高考英語試題,其中對“man”、“person”、“people”、“human being” …等詞匯的考察,結(jié)合外研社版高中英語教材中的解釋及歷屆高考試題命題的分析。本文主要闡述如何正確使用表示“人”的詞匯及其用法,以便更好地掌握這類詞匯。
關鍵詞:“人”的一些詞匯;隱含意義
中圖分類號:G632 文獻標識碼:B 文章編號:1002-7661(2014)06-193-01
引言:(2013、江西、23)Animals are obviously lower form of life than man.
A. a; 不填 B. the; the C . a ; the D. 不填; 不填
題干的意思為:相對與人類而言,動物是明顯的較低級的生命形式。第一空表示一種較低的生命形式,表示泛指,要用不定冠詞a ;第二空man 表示“人類”時,前面不加冠詞,故正確答案為A。外研社版高中教材中出現(xiàn)了許多表示“人”的詞匯,如man ,woman ,person ,people, human being 等,這些詞匯在語言運用,修飾色彩和隱含意義上不盡相同,易于混淆,復習時應該弄清他們個字的含義和用法。
一.man 指男人;woman 指女人,這兩個詞和一般可數(shù)名詞一樣,其復數(shù)形式分別為men ,women 。
① 、(2011全國,33)It is generally accepted that a boy must learn to stand up and fight like a man. ②、(選修7,P27)As time passed ,more and more colleges started cheerleading, and more women started doing it than men .
man 還可指“人類”,做主語是,后面的謂語動詞仍用單數(shù)形式。
① 、(2009福建泉州質(zhì)檢)We all know that man is the only creature that has developed the power of speech. ②、(必修3,P43)Mencius believed that reason why man is different from animals is that man is good..③、(選修8,P43)Antarctica has become perhaps the most successful symbol of mans efforts to work together for progress and peace.
二、person表示“人”的最基本得詞,泛指一切人,包括男女老幼,有時還含有輕蔑之意。
e.g.①(必修2,P43)Yang is 431st person to travel in space ,including astronauts from 32 countries. ②(選修7,P37)Some years later ,Pip learns that an unknown person intends to give him money every month.
三、集體名詞,表示“人們”,“人類”,是相對動物而言,形式是單數(shù),意義卻是復數(shù),故可以用兩個以上的名詞修飾或其他的修飾語,其前不用定冠詞a/an,但可以加定冠詞the people 必須和復數(shù)第三人稱的動詞連用。
e.g. (必修2,P43)Its great work by thousands and thousands of people from China.
people 強調(diào)文化和社會的統(tǒng)一性用于指因有共同文化,共同觀念,以及共同責任和利益所產(chǎn)生之團結(jié)心而結(jié)合的一群人,即民族,可用復試形式。
e.g.①(選修7,P78)Living human treasures are people who have the knowledge and skills required for the cultural traditions of their society. ② The English peoples are greatly encouraged.
四、human being 指“人(類)”,以別于動物、鬼神,其用法與一般可數(shù)名詞相同,單數(shù)形式:a human being;復數(shù)形式為:human beings;在將于動物、神仙、鬼等詞比較時常用human,其復數(shù)形式:humans;being也可作“人”講,其復數(shù)形式:beings;在將人與動物、神仙、鬼等詞比較是常用human,其復數(shù)形式:humans;being也可作“人”講,其復數(shù)形式:beings。
e.g.:①(2010.陜西,閱讀理解(A)):This month Dr.Jeffers is answering questions about human brain and how it works.②(江西卷)Perhaps the best answer lies in our genetic makeup as human beings. ③(選修6.P58)Using bones from dead bodies, he creates a creature that resembles a human being and give it life.④ (選修4,67)The force is similar to Qi, a stable balance of the Yin and Yang forces to human beings and environment. Many True Taoist masters eventually become supreme beings.⑤(選修6.P27)There are hobbits, who are like small humans and live in holes in hill.
五、mankind 不指個別“人”,而是指整個“人類”,其意與表示“人類”的man相同。其前不用冠詞,本身無復數(shù)形式。
e.g. ①(湖北卷)He views mankind as a grand enterprise that, on the whole, has done little but progress for 100,000 years.②(選修7,P78)Musical traditions around the world from part of the intangible heritage of mankind in the same way as monuments and natural sites.③(選修8 ,P58)With Armstrong` now famous words:“Thats one small step for man ,one giant leap for mankind”,a dream was achieved.
以上是筆者對歷屆高考試題及教材中表示“人”這一概念的詞匯所做的初步探討,以幫助考生更好的理解和運用相關的知識,選擇出正確地表示“人”的詞匯的含義。
參考文獻:
【1】.梁實秋《遠東英語大辭典》;
【2】.陳琳《普通高中課程標準實驗教學用書》(外語教學與研究出版社);
【3】.歷屆高考英語真題。