侯 熠
(首都經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易大學(xué),中國 北京100070)
生命周期理論認(rèn)為人口年齡結(jié)構(gòu)會(huì)影響儲(chǔ)蓄投資行為,進(jìn)而經(jīng)濟(jì)中的各類經(jīng)濟(jì)主體也會(huì)隨之調(diào)整其持有的金融資產(chǎn)組合,在宏觀上反映則是全社會(huì)金融資產(chǎn)結(jié)構(gòu)變化。金融資產(chǎn)結(jié)構(gòu)是否與合理,將直接影響到宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)穩(wěn)定與經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展。
國外許多學(xué)者對(duì)其進(jìn)行了深入研究。Goldsmith(1969)分析35個(gè)國家的歷史數(shù)據(jù),研究了各國的金融結(jié)構(gòu)與金融發(fā)展問題,而金融資產(chǎn)的結(jié)構(gòu)變化及其對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長的影響就是其研究的一個(gè)重要方面。Shaw(1973)通過金融資產(chǎn)的存量和流量、金融體系的規(guī)模和結(jié)構(gòu)衡量一國的金融業(yè)是處于金融深化還是金融抑制狀態(tài)。Demirgüc Kunt和Levin(2001)研究了全世界150多個(gè)國家和地區(qū)金融市場(chǎng)和金融機(jī)構(gòu)的規(guī)模、效率及業(yè)務(wù)活動(dòng)。
在我們看來,關(guān)于人口年齡結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)金融資產(chǎn)結(jié)構(gòu)影響的研究是有限的。因此,我們嘗試通過實(shí)證分析方法研究人口年齡結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)金融資產(chǎn)結(jié)構(gòu)的影響。
表1 各變量描述性統(tǒng)計(jì)量
本文后面文章結(jié)構(gòu)如下:第二部分為模型設(shè)定、變量描述和數(shù)據(jù)說明;第三部分為實(shí)證結(jié)果的分析,最后是結(jié)論。
本文選擇簡約計(jì)量模型試圖發(fā)現(xiàn)人口年齡結(jié)構(gòu)與金融資產(chǎn)結(jié)構(gòu)之間的聯(lián)系。
1.1.1 被解釋變量
我們選取的被解釋變量為貸款率(LOANS),股票市值率(EQUITY)。其中貸款率為一國貸款量占當(dāng)年GDP比例,股票市值率為一國股票市值占當(dāng)年GDP比例。
1.1.2 解釋變量
人口年齡結(jié)構(gòu)變量。即20-39,40-64,65+。其中20-39是20-39歲人口占總?cè)丝诒戎兀?0-64是40-64歲人口占總?cè)丝诒戎兀?5+是65歲以上人口占總?cè)丝诒戎亍?/p>
1.1.3 控制變量
(1)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展階段。本文以對(duì)數(shù)形式的人均GDP來代替經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展階段。(2)經(jīng)濟(jì)環(huán)境。我們采用通貨膨脹率來反映一國的經(jīng)濟(jì)環(huán)境。(3)對(duì)外開放程度。對(duì)外開放程度通常被認(rèn)為是影響金融市場(chǎng)的重要因素。
根據(jù)上述分析,貸款率模型、股票市值率模型分別設(shè)定如下:
其中,下標(biāo)i代表地區(qū),t代表時(shí)間,則是隨機(jī)擾動(dòng)項(xiàng)。、X則是一組潛在的影響金融資產(chǎn)結(jié)構(gòu)變化的控制變量,包括人均GDP、對(duì)外開放程度、通貨膨脹率。
我們運(yùn)用系統(tǒng)廣義矩(SYS-GMM)方法估計(jì)動(dòng)態(tài)面板模型1-8,其中,模型1-4是貸款率模型,被解釋變量為貸款率,解釋變量逐項(xiàng)增減;模型5-8是股市市值率模型,被解釋變量為股市市值率,被解釋變量逐項(xiàng)增減。并參照Horioka和Wan(2007)的研究思路及以往研究文獻(xiàn),為了更好地控制內(nèi)生性,我們將20-39、40-64和65+視為外生變量,人口因素一般情況下很少受到經(jīng)濟(jì)因素誤差項(xiàng)的干擾,其他變量均按內(nèi)生變量處理。各模型結(jié)果見表2。
表2 模型1-8在GMM方法下的回歸結(jié)果
估計(jì)中使用穩(wěn)?。╮obust)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)誤來控制異方差。動(dòng)態(tài)面板數(shù)據(jù)容易一階自相關(guān),但不應(yīng)該存在二階自相關(guān)。估計(jì)結(jié)果報(bào)告了AR(1)和AR(2)的P值,絕大部分方程中都滿足這一條件。Sargan(下轉(zhuǎn)第12頁)細(xì)胞因子在炎癥過程中起著重要作用,以細(xì)胞因子作為靶向逐漸成為一種治療方向。AD作為T細(xì)胞介導(dǎo)的過敏性疾病,臨床上缺乏特異性的治療方案,細(xì)胞因子治療成為一種新型的治療手段。Yasutomo等[22]證實(shí)CP-690550作為新型的JAK激酶抑制劑在大鼠AD模型上可以減輕慢性皮炎的表皮增生程度,降低皮損區(qū)IFN-γ、TNF-α和IL-22的水平。也有臨床實(shí)驗(yàn)表明ILV-094作為一種新型的IL-22的特異性中和抗體,在銀屑病和風(fēng)濕性關(guān)節(jié)炎的一期和二期臨床試驗(yàn)中獲得明顯的療效,現(xiàn)在也正應(yīng)用于AD的一期臨床試驗(yàn)。中和IL-22的患者能迅速控制疾病的進(jìn)展,改善病人的癥狀,提高病人的生存質(zhì)量[23]。最新研究表明環(huán)孢素能夠降低IL-22及其誘導(dǎo)的抗菌肽的水平,明顯逆轉(zhuǎn)AD患者的皮膚病理學(xué)表現(xiàn)[24]。IL-22已經(jīng)證實(shí)是AD的炎性誘導(dǎo)因子,但是IL-22的細(xì)胞因子治療尚不能取代傳統(tǒng)治療,未來針對(duì)這方面的藥物研究仍具有光明的前景。
綜上所述,IL-22主要由Th17和Th22細(xì)胞為主的免疫細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生,與表達(dá)IL-22受體的角質(zhì)形成細(xì)胞結(jié)合,在免疫細(xì)胞和角質(zhì)形成細(xì)胞間起橋梁作用,IL-22誘導(dǎo)促炎因子基因的表達(dá),抑制上皮細(xì)胞分化和促進(jìn)角質(zhì)形成細(xì)胞的遷移,在AD的免疫發(fā)病機(jī)制中發(fā)揮重要作用。對(duì)于IL-22在AD治療中作用的研究目前仍在不斷深入,但由于受細(xì)胞因子機(jī)體復(fù)雜內(nèi)環(huán)境及特有的網(wǎng)絡(luò)效應(yīng)的影響使得目前對(duì)IL-22治療AD的準(zhǔn)確機(jī)制仍需進(jìn)一步探索。
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