漢語(yǔ)拼音之父：周有光

周有光，如果不是研究漢語(yǔ)或是對(duì)漢語(yǔ)感興趣的人，或許對(duì)這個(gè)名字很陌生。殊不知，這位今年108歲高壽的學(xué)者就是我們每天工作學(xué)習(xí)都離不開的漢語(yǔ)拼音的創(chuàng)始人之一。現(xiàn)在，就讓我們一起走進(jìn)周老先生的世界吧。

Even at 108 years old， Zhou Youguang is the kind of creative thinker that Chinese leaders regularly command the government to cultivate in their bid to raise their nation from the worlds factory floor.

Mr Zhou is the inventor of Pinyin， the Romanized spelling system that linked Chinas ancient written language to the modern age and helped China all but stamp out illiteracy. He was one of the leaders of the Chinese translation of the Encyclopedia Britannica in the 1980s. He has written about 40 books， the most recent published in 2011.

Chinese characters do not directly correspond to sounds. Pinyins phonetic alphabet enabled learners to match words easily to actual speech.

“It had an enormous impact on literacy，” said Victor H. Mair， a professor of Chinese language and literature at the University of Pennsylvania. All Chinese students now begin to read and write using Pinyin before moving on to characters.

Sweet-natured but wry and rigidly dispassionate， Mr Zhou works at a tiny wooden desk in a government-provided， third-floor walk-up apartment with unpainted concrete walls. His longtime colleague Chen Zhangtai， 82， said Mr Zhou thought renovations would be too distracting.

He described Mr Zhou as the embodiment of a “true scholar.” He added， “His blog entries range from the modernization of Confucianism to Silk Road history and Chinas new middle class. Computer screens hurt his eyes， but he devours foreign newspapers and magazines. A well-known Chinese artist nicknamed him ‘Trendy Old Guy ”.

Mr Zhou was born on Jan. 13， 1906， when the Qing Dynasty ruled and women bound their feet. The son of a Qing Dynasty official， he married the daughter of a wealthy family and went into banking.

After the Japanese invaded in 1937， his family was forced into the countryside to escape Japanese bombs in Chongqing， Chinas wartime capital. His 5-year-old daughter died from appendicitis.

In 1946， Mr Zhou and his family moved to New York， where he represented the Xinhua Trust and Savings Bank. He toured the United States in luxury Pullman cars， rode the Queen Elizabeth ocean liner to Europe and fended off offers from Western banks. His intellectual life was equally rich： he had several lengthy chats with Albert Einstein.

In 1949， Mr Zhou brought his family home. He taught economics at a university in Shanghai and studied linguistics as a hobby.

In 1955， Zhou Enlai， prime minister， called him to Beijing. The party wanted to make Mandarin Chinas national language， simplify Chinese characters and devise a new phonetic alphabet.

Mr Zhous son， Zhou Xiaoping， an astrophysicist， said his father protested that he was a mere amateur. He was told： “Everyone is an amateur.”

In his new job， Mr Zhou found tremendous confusion， but also a foundation for his work. In the late 1500s， the Italian Jesuit Matteo Ricci had formulated a system to Romanize Chinese characters. Many English speakers were already using the British Wade-Giles system developed in the 19th century. Chinese linguists had devised other alternatives.

Mr Zhou argued for the Roman alphabet， to better connect China with the outside world. In 1958， after three years of work， Pinyin—literally “to piece together sounds”—was finished and quickly adopted.

Mr Zhou says Chinese characters will exist for centuries to come. But to his delight， Pinyin has proven ever more useful. Chinese now rely on Pinyin-to-character programs to input chinese characters， text messages， post on Internet microblogs and write e-mails.

盡管已經(jīng)108歲高齡，周有光老先生仍然是一位極富創(chuàng)見的思想家。我國(guó)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人時(shí)不時(shí)地都會(huì)要求政府工作人員去聆聽他的意見，以提高中國(guó)在世界工廠中的地位。

周老先生發(fā)明了拼音，用拉丁字母來拼寫古老的中國(guó)漢字，讓我國(guó)文字現(xiàn)代化，這幾乎幫助我國(guó)消滅了文盲。20世紀(jì)80年代，他曾主持翻譯中文版的《不列顛百科全書》。他有40余本著作，最近一本是2011年出版的。

漢字本身并不直接表示發(fā)音。拼音的音標(biāo)字母使學(xué)習(xí)者能夠輕而易舉地將文字與發(fā)音匹配在一起。

“它對(duì)讀寫識(shí)字產(chǎn)生了重要的影響?！辟e夕法尼亞大學(xué)中國(guó)語(yǔ)言與文學(xué)教授Victor H. Mair這樣說，“現(xiàn)在所有的中國(guó)學(xué)生在學(xué)習(xí)漢字以前都先學(xué)習(xí)使用拼音讀寫?！?/p>

周老天性溫和，嚴(yán)厲公正又不失詼諧。他住在一處政府提供的三層樓高的公寓里，他有一個(gè)木制辦公桌，水泥墻面并沒有粉刷。他的老同事，82歲的陳章太說：“周老覺得裝修實(shí)在是太麻煩了。”

陳章太認(rèn)為周老是真正的學(xué)者。他說：“他只不過看上去似乎與這個(gè)世界和平相處。”他還是為這個(gè)世界著迷。他的博客談古論今，從儒學(xué)現(xiàn)代化到絲綢之路的歷史，再到中國(guó)新中產(chǎn)階級(jí)。電腦屏幕對(duì)他的眼睛不好，他就花時(shí)間去看外國(guó)的報(bào)紙雜志。一位家喻戶曉的中國(guó)藝術(shù)家給他取了個(gè)綽號(hào)叫‘新潮老頭?！?/p>

周老生于1906年1月13日，那是清朝末年婦女還裹小腳的時(shí)代。他的父親是一位清朝官員。后來周老娶了一位有錢人家的小姐，進(jìn)了銀行業(yè)。

1937年，日本入侵以后，他全家被迫逃亡鄉(xiāng)下，躲避日軍在戰(zhàn)時(shí)首都重慶的炮火。他5歲的女兒死于闌尾炎。

1946年，周老一家遷居紐約，當(dāng)時(shí)他是新華信托儲(chǔ)蓄銀行的代表。他搭乘奢華的普爾曼臥鋪車環(huán)游美利堅(jiān)，乘坐伊麗莎白女王號(hào)遠(yuǎn)洋郵輪奔赴歐洲，還拒絕了西方一些銀行的工作機(jī)會(huì)。他的學(xué)術(shù)生活也同樣豐富，他曾多次與愛因斯坦長(zhǎng)談。

1949年，周老帶著家人返回中國(guó)。他在上海的一所大學(xué)教經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)，并出于愛好而研究語(yǔ)言學(xué)。

1955年，時(shí)任國(guó)家總理周恩來邀請(qǐng)他去北京。國(guó)家希望將普通話設(shè)立為中國(guó)的官方語(yǔ)言，簡(jiǎn)化漢字，并且要設(shè)計(jì)一套音標(biāo)字母。

周老的兒子、天體物理學(xué)家周曉平說：“當(dāng)時(shí)我父親反對(duì)說他只是個(gè)業(yè)余語(yǔ)言學(xué)家，但得到的反饋是‘大家都很業(yè)余?！?/p>

面對(duì)新工作，周老也很彷徨，不過也找到了一些工作的基本原則。16世紀(jì)晚期，來自意大利的耶穌會(huì)士利瑪竇發(fā)明了一套中國(guó)漢字的拉丁化系統(tǒng)。許多說英語(yǔ)的人也早已開始使用在19世紀(jì)發(fā)展的英國(guó)韋氏音標(biāo)。中國(guó)的語(yǔ)言學(xué)家們也已經(jīng)設(shè)計(jì)了一些其他的注音方法。

周老贊同使用羅馬字母，這樣會(huì)更好地讓中國(guó)同世界連在一起。1958年，經(jīng)過三年的工作，拼音系統(tǒng)（字面意義就是“把聲音拼湊起來）完成，并且很快地得到采納。

周老表示，中國(guó)漢字還會(huì)在未來幾個(gè)世紀(jì)里繼續(xù)存在。不過他很高興見到拼音是那么有用。現(xiàn)在中國(guó)人都依賴拼音進(jìn)行漢字輸入、發(fā)短信、寫電子郵件，還有寫微博。