文?Text/巫祈麟 Nikita Wu
來自芬蘭的建筑團隊Casagrande Laboratory主事者馬可·卡薩格蘭(Marco Casagrande)長期關(guān)注自然與人為城市互為影響之議題,近年來提出“第三代城市”(3rd Generation City)、“都市河流學(xué)(River Urbanism)、“都市針灸術(shù)”( Urban Acupuncture)等崇自然尊天地之新種都市規(guī)劃創(chuàng)見,他亦是2013 年歐洲建筑獎的得主。
現(xiàn)時臺北寸土寸金的條件下,在淡水河道中間兩座往來臺北市和新北市忠孝橋和中興橋之間,存在著這座會依河水漲退沖刷或淤積時大時小的沙洲島,其土地面積約為1000米寬300米長, 30多公頃。因地界和產(chǎn)權(quán)會隨自然條件改變,使得這島有著全臺北最為廉宜的地價。島上現(xiàn)有21名島主,因其島位于洪水平原一級管制區(qū)限制開發(fā),僅能在島上種菜 。
在本次參與北京中央美術(shù)學(xué)院美術(shù)第二屆CAFAM雙年展中,他以本座沙洲島做為設(shè)計標的,以“反向城市”(Paracity)為名,因襲“開放形態(tài)”(Open Form) 建筑的操作手法,構(gòu)建開放平臺,尊重個體使用者需求,自主營建內(nèi)容,使無人聞問津被城市發(fā)展遺忘的沙洲島成為有機生態(tài)島。
“反向城市”以源自歐洲新型木建筑材料“交錯層壓木材”(crosslaminated timber 簡稱CLT)做為主要建材,突破傳統(tǒng)木建筑之規(guī)模及型式。在島中以6×6×6 米的空間模塊為基本架構(gòu)單位,構(gòu)造出有機網(wǎng)格。此基本空間模塊能抗震抗火及洪澇,亦能在建于防洪區(qū)、山間、廢置工業(yè)區(qū)或是貧民窟等跟不上工業(yè)城市發(fā)展而被人們拋棄的城市區(qū)域。主木結(jié)構(gòu)之上,居民們能DIY 自建房舍, 社區(qū)自主農(nóng)耕,建立花園和大自然共相習(xí)氣。在共構(gòu)可持續(xù)發(fā)展有機生態(tài)平臺中,還加載高端先進環(huán)??萍技夹g(shù)模組機具,能淨化污染的河水,生產(chǎn)生質(zhì)能源,回收島民有機灰水廢物與處理淤積污泥之再利用 。不但能就島上居民所需靈活設(shè)置,更能同步淨化臺北城中因工業(yè)發(fā)展所產(chǎn)生的污染源。
馬可反思人類進代城市發(fā)展歷程,千百年間世界各民族透過中央集權(quán)分配城市土地利用,以城外農(nóng)村周邊自然資源支持城內(nèi)居民生活所需,作為延續(xù)人類文明鞏固既得利益當權(quán)者便宜行事的解決方案。這時期的城市和大自然連接并沒有消失,
甚至是因為依附大自然所給的優(yōu)勢條件下,城市得以延命存續(xù),他稱之為第一代城市。工業(yè)革命之后人類向資本主義靠攏,資本的本性便是無理性的追逐擴大化,提高生產(chǎn)力刺激人們消費拜金拜物,城市以摧毀自然為手段無限膨脹城市疆界與自然爭地,農(nóng)村的農(nóng)民們向往所謂城市的繁華喧囂現(xiàn)代摩登。以為無窮盡的“開發(fā)”是值得慶賀的“進步”現(xiàn)象。這正是我們現(xiàn)在面臨到最大的城市發(fā)展議題,
非理性瘋狂資源竭盡開採,人口密度爆炸土地超負荷利用。不僅全面斷開和自然環(huán)境的連接,乃至藐視自然以為人可勝天足能駕馭自然。馬克思在資本論曾談到“異化”,便是我們所處時代的城市悲哀,人類在資本的無限擴張中,被城市機器異化貽害深遠。這便是他所謂之第二代城市。
“反向城市"提供人類對第三代城市的想像,或者說幽微地提示了與現(xiàn)存工業(yè)城市相反的發(fā)展愿景?;貧w第一代城市和自然安好共存, 進一步修補第二代城市人為工業(yè)建筑對自然的污害。意圖變身成為臺北城中一只正面積極的寄生蟲,吸取工業(yè)后的廢料化作成潔淨肥料和大自然和諧共生,祈達天人合一的精神境界。
文?Text/馬可卡薩格蘭 Marco Casagrande
反向城市是貫徹開放式原則的生命城市式有機建筑:個性化設(shè)計使其自發(fā)地融入周圍的人文環(huán)境,參與環(huán)境溝通,這種有機構(gòu)成主義對話最終形成自我組織的社區(qū)結(jié)構(gòu),持續(xù)發(fā)展和知識建構(gòu)行為。
反向城市作為不斷發(fā)展成長的建筑機體,基于三維木制的初級結(jié)構(gòu),使用以CLT交叉疊層木棒為材料的6×6×6米的空間模塊,構(gòu)造成整體有機網(wǎng)格。這種簡單的結(jié)構(gòu)方便社區(qū)工作小組或者指定的反向城市建筑師隨時進行修繕或增建。
這樣的初級結(jié)構(gòu)可以在一些偏僻郊區(qū)構(gòu)建,例如河沖積平原,山坡,廢棄的工業(yè)區(qū),水渠或是貧民窟。反向城市結(jié)構(gòu)十分適合洪水頻發(fā)、海嘯高危地區(qū),它的CLT一級結(jié)構(gòu)具有高水準的抗震性能。人們可以在一級結(jié)構(gòu)的基礎(chǔ)上,選擇增添自制的個性小建筑,花園或農(nóng)場,因為反向城市特地為此提供了一個三維建筑網(wǎng)格以方便屋主自己DIY架構(gòu)。打個比方說,初級結(jié)構(gòu)僅僅提供了水和人體循環(huán)系統(tǒng)的主要動脈,但內(nèi)部更精細的神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)則因人而異,由居民自己做主。在大部分反向城市房屋中均可看到野生或栽培的自然作物郁蔥生長的景象。
反向城市的自我可持續(xù)生命城市式增長的技術(shù)支撐是網(wǎng)下環(huán)保技術(shù)手段,它能提供水凈化,能源生產(chǎn),有機廢棄物處理,廢水凈化和污泥回收等各種功能。這些模塊化的插件組件可根據(jù)反向城市的成長自我調(diào)節(jié),而且,整套建筑不僅處理和循環(huán)自己的物流,它也會像城市的寄生蟲一樣去瀝濾吸收所在城市的垃圾廢料,達到類似于貧民窟和周圍城市的那種兩廂和諧共處的關(guān)系。從某種意義上說,反向城市有點兒像一個高科技貧民窟,它推動著現(xiàn)代工業(yè)城市向生態(tài)可持續(xù)方向不斷邁進。
反向城市是第三代有機城市,用自運轉(zhuǎn)機械處理城市堆肥,這就為改造工業(yè)城市,推動城市融入大自然做出了貢獻。
反向城市/臺北
反向城市的試點項目在臺北淡水河城區(qū)農(nóng)業(yè)島附近不斷增加,這個小島位于中興橋和忠孝橋之間,長約1000米,寬約300米。臺北反向城市目前正慶祝其第一代的原臺北市集中廢墟建筑,第一代建筑展現(xiàn)了較高水平的自我組織社區(qū),城市農(nóng)場,花園小區(qū),城市游民和無政府建設(shè)。
臺北反向城市將使用的主要能源是生物能,即有機廢料,包括來自周圍工業(yè)城鎮(zhèn)和農(nóng)場的污泥和臺北各條河川防洪堤上快速增殖的生物能量。環(huán)保技術(shù)組件都安裝在堵塞于反向城市維修碼頭的駁船內(nèi)。駁船數(shù)量可根據(jù)生命城市主義生長的需求進行增刪。
反向城市可以也建在洪澇泛濫的地區(qū),而且并不需要防洪墻。房屋的地基建在離陸地6米高處,但整座城市緊依支柱,從而能夠為建筑的社區(qū)行為,性質(zhì)和需要循環(huán)碼的空間提供堅實地基。
臺北反向城市將通過集體意識的影響,為后工業(yè)昆蟲們筑巢。據(jù)估計,共有15,000到25,000個居民入住反向城市。
Paracity is a biourban organism that is growing on the principles of Open Form: individual design-build actions generating spontaneous communicative reactions on the surrounding built human environment and this organic constructivist dialog leading into self-organized community structures, development and knowledge building.
The growing organism the Paracity is based on a three dimensional wooden primary structure, organic grid with spatial modules of 6 x 6 x 6 metres constructed out of CLT cross-laminated timber sticks. This simple structure can be modified and grown by the community members working as teams or by an assigned Paracity constructor.
The primary structure can grow even on neglected urban areas, such as river flood plains, hillsides,abandoned industrial areas, storm water channels or slums. Paracity suites perfectly to flooding and tsunami risk areas and the CLT primary structure has a high standard of earthquake performance.
People will attach their individual self-made architectural solutions, gardens and farms on the primary structure, which offers a three dimensional building grid for the DIY architecture. Primary structure offers the main arteries of water and human circulation, but the finer local knowledge nervous networks are grown by the inhabitants. Large parts of the Paracity is occupied by wild and cultivated nature.
Paracity’s self-sustainable biourban growth is backed up by off-the-grid environmental technology solutions providing methods for water purification, energy production, organic waste treatment, waste water purification and sludge recycling. These modular plug-in components can be adjusted according to the growth of the Paracity and moreover, the whole Paracity is designed not only to treat and circulate its own material streams, but to start leaching waste from its host city becoming a positive urban parasite following the similar kind of symbiosis as in-between slums and the surrounding city. In a sense Paracity is a hightech slum, which can start tuning the industrial city towards an ecologically more sustainable direction.
Paracity is a third generation city, an organic machine, urban compost, which is helping the industrial city to transform into being part of nature.
PARACITY / TAIPEI
The pilot project of the Paracity is growing on an urban farming island of Danshui River, Taipei. The island is located between the Zhongxing and Zhonxiao bridges and is around 1000 meters long and 300 meters wide. Paracity Taipei is celebrating the original first generation Taipei urbanism with high level of illegal architecture, self-organized communities, urban farms, community gardens, urban nomads and constructive anarchy.
Paracity Taipei will be powered mostly by bioenergy that is using the organic waste, including sludge, taken from the surrounding industrial city and by farming fast growing biomass on the flood banks of the Taipei river system. Environmental technology components are mounted on barges that are plugged into the Paracity maintenance docks. Barges can be modified according to the needs of the growing biourbanism.Paracity is based on free flooding. There are no flood walls. The first 6 m level above the ground is not built, but the whole city is standing on stilts and thus providing the whole ground floor for community actions, nature and space requiring recycling yards.
Paracity Taipei will construct itself through impacts of a collective conscious as a nest of post-industrial insects. Paracity is estimated to have 15.000 –25.000 inhabitants.
Casagrande Laboratory
Centre of Urban Research / Paracity:Marco Casagrande, Menno Cramer, Katie Donaghy, Niilo Tenkanen,Nikita Wu, Joni Virkki, Ycy Charlie, Sauli Ylinen