John Murtagh,Hui Yang
譯者按:口腔潰瘍有很多俗稱,比如口瘡。在很多醫(yī)學“外行人”看來,口腔潰瘍不是一種??;也有不少人認為口腔潰瘍是醫(yī)生束手無策的痼疾。在民間,流傳不少針對口腔潰瘍的偏方或神奇的療法。雖然口腔潰瘍問題主要與生活方式和機體免疫功能有關(guān),但確切的病因?qū)W并不是非常明確,因此臨床上主要是采用對癥治療的策略。Murtagh教授在這個案例分析中介紹了澳大利亞全科醫(yī)生對口腔潰瘍的管理方法,中國的社區(qū)醫(yī)生也可以尋找適合當?shù)厝巳旱母鞣N方法。
病人XZ,20歲的大學研究生。她來看病的主訴是3天來口底潰瘍,疼痛難忍,進食困難。除了感到疲倦和心煩外,沒有其他癥狀。以前她曾經(jīng)有過兩次這種疼痛的口腔潰瘍,不過后來都恢復(fù)正常了。
在過去的一周中,她感到食欲不振、渾身不舒服。她曾經(jīng)在當?shù)厮巹煹耐扑]下,自服腸溶阿司匹林止痛,外用SM-33成人用藥膏(利諾卡因2.5%,加水楊酸)。
體檢發(fā)現(xiàn)她表現(xiàn)出病態(tài)。在口腔底部有一個直徑5 mm的潰瘍,靠近右側(cè)門齒。潰瘍中心有一壞死,呈黃灰色偽膜,并有隆起的紅色邊緣。沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)淋巴結(jié)異常。
3.1 你的初步診斷是什么?
3.2 考慮哪些鑒別診斷?
3.3 必須要排除哪些有關(guān)的嚴重疾病?
4.1 初步診斷是口瘡性潰瘍(復(fù)發(fā)性口瘡性口腔炎,aphthous ulcer,recurrent aphthous stomatitis)。人群中有1/5的人受到此病的困擾,兒童青少年多見,30%的病例有家族史。
4.2 鑒別診斷包括單純皰疹、創(chuàng)傷性潰瘍(比如牙齒咬傷引起的)。
4.3 應(yīng)該排除的嚴重疾病包括:血液疾病,如粒細胞缺乏癥;克羅恩??;腹腔疾病;人體免疫缺陷病毒感染(艾滋病);白塞綜合征(周期性口腔和外陰潰瘍+葡萄膜炎+關(guān)節(jié)炎);藥物不良反應(yīng):如細胞毒性藥物、免疫抑制劑、皮質(zhì)類固醇激素、苯妥英。
由于Fenton法降解反應(yīng)需要控制pH值,且過程中會產(chǎn)生含鐵污泥,后續(xù)處理存在較大難度,目前主要被應(yīng)用于廢水處理中。如今自然水體中的有機物污染日益嚴重,而且近年來,隨著技術(shù)不斷發(fā)展,出現(xiàn)了催化型Fenton技術(shù),從根本上解決了傳統(tǒng)Fenton的弊端:拓寬了體系pH值的適用范圍(在5~9之間);該技術(shù)能固化催化劑,減少催化劑溶出,更便于分離回收,不會產(chǎn)生明顯的污泥(牛建瑞等,2016)。而Fenton法對有機物的去除效果突出,將是未來水處理的研究主題之一。
如果在成人期第一次出現(xiàn)口腔潰瘍,或者經(jīng)常出現(xiàn),或者嚴重程度加劇,那么要懷疑導(dǎo)致體質(zhì)衰弱的疾病、營養(yǎng)缺乏問題、糖尿病、類固醇治療后果或者免疫抑制。
你已經(jīng)在臨床上診斷為口瘡性潰瘍,并認為不需要做活體組織檢查。
5.1 列出一些可以用來緩解癥狀的藥物名稱。
5.2 列出一些緩解病情的辦法(包括不常用的方法)。
5.3 討論可采用的補充性緩解病情的方法。
6.1 緩解癥狀的藥物名稱 局用利多卡因(2%藥膏或5%軟膏),用棉簽上藥。和/或利多卡因藥膏或涂劑(規(guī)范的是SM-33涂劑成人配方)。
6.2 通過對照試驗研究沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)下列方法效果的足夠證據(jù)(在潰瘍變得嚴重前早期使用)。但你可以選用:(1)紅茶:將袋裝紅茶浸濕后擠干,然后直接放在潰瘍處,經(jīng)常使用。茶葉中的鞣酸有助于恢復(fù)。(2)去炎松0.1%(kenalog in orobase)敷劑,每天3次,飯后和睡前使用。這個方法不錯,不過在單純皰疹性潰瘍使用類固醇的時候要留心觀察。(3)其他外用類固醇(比如倍他米松0.5%,或者氫化可的松1%軟膏)。(4)把氫化可的松含片溶化在潰瘍上,每天4次。(5)丙酸倍氯米松噴霧劑(也用于預(yù)防哮喘)噴在潰瘍處,每天3次。(6)四環(huán)素/制霉菌素漱口劑(口感不好,但有效)。(7)將1 g硫糖鋁溶解在20~30 ml溫水中,當漱口劑使用。(8)0.2%醋酸氯漱口劑,用于預(yù)防嚴重感染。
6.3 補充性方法 (1)茶葉包法:在潰瘍變得嚴重時一定使用(如前述)。(2)茶樹油法:1%茶樹油(白千層油),可預(yù)防二次感染。(3)針灸法:中醫(yī)推薦,據(jù)說可以改善唾液分泌。
后備措施:如果潰瘍不能緩解,特別是潰瘍面積大(直徑超過8 mm)并且3個星期內(nèi)不能緩解,要把病人轉(zhuǎn)診。
·WorldGeneralPractice/FamilyMedicine·
She has been feeling anorexic and generally unwell for the past week.She has been self medicating by taking soluble aspirin for the pain and topical SM-33 adult gel (lignocaine 2.5% with salicylic acid) on the advice of her local pharmacist.
On examination she looks unwell.There is an ulcer measuring approximately 5 mm in diameter on the floor of the oral cavity,adjacent to the lower right incisor teeth.It has a necrotic centre with a yellow-gray pseudomembrane and raised red margin.There is no lymphadenopathy.
3.1 What is your provisional diagnosis?
3.2 What are the differential diagnoses?
3.3 What associated including serious disorders must be excluded?
4.1 Aphthous ulcer (recurrent aphthous stomatitis):a common condition affecting at least 1 in 5 of the population (more common in children) and involving a family history in 30% of cases.
4.2 Differential diagnoses include herpes simplex,traumatic ulcers e.g.from sharp teeth.
4.3 Disorders to be excluded:blood dyscrasias e.g.agranulocytosis;Crohn disease;coeliac disease;HIV (AIDS);Behcet syndrome (recurrent oral and genital ulcers+uveitis+arthritis);drugs e.g.cytotoxics,immunosuppressant agents,corticosteroids,phenytoin.
If oral ulcers are seen first in adult life,or if frequency or severity increases,suspect a debilitating illness,dietary deficiency,diabetes,steroid therapy or immune suppression.
You have diagnosed the problem as an aphthous ulcer on clinical grounds and decided not to perform a biopsy.
5.1 Name possible agents to provide symptomatic relief.
5.2 Name some possible,even unconventional,healing strategies.
5.3 Discuss possible complementary treatments used for healing.
6.1 Agents to provide symptomatic relief:topical lignocaine (e.g.2% jelly or 5% ointment) with a cotton bud and/or lignocaine jelly or paint ( a propriety preparation is SM -33 adult paint formula).
6.2 The following strategies have low level evidence in controlled trials to promote healing (use early when the ulcer is worse).Select from:(1)black tea:apply a wet,squeezed out,black teabag directly to the ulcer regularly -the tannic acid promotes healing.(2)triamcinolone 0.1% (Kenalog in orobase) paste,apply three times a day after meals and at night a good method but be cautious of herpes simples ulcers with steroids.(3) other topical steroids (e.g.betamethasone 0.5% or hydrocortisone1% ointment).(4)hydrocortisone lozenges dissolved onto ulcer qid.(5) beclomethasone dipropionate spray (as used for asthma prevention) onto ulcer tds.(6) tetracycline/nystatin mouthwash (terrible taste but effective).(7) dissolve 1 g sucralfate in 20-30 ml of warm water use as a mouthwash.(8)0.2% chlorhexidine solution mouthwash-prevents super infection.
6.3 Complementary methods:(1)teabag method (as above) must be used when ulcer is worse.(2)melaleuca (tea-tree oil):1% tea-tree oil has been shown to prevent secondary infection.(3)acupuncture:this is advocated by its supporters.It has been proven to improve salivary flow.