辛世杰
(中國醫(yī)科大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院 血管/甲狀腺外科,遼寧 沈陽 110001)
自異體血管植入受者開始,受者免疫系統(tǒng)便開始持續(xù)不斷地攻擊移植血管,在反復(fù)打擊與抗打擊中移植血管逐漸發(fā)生變化——血管內(nèi)膜向心性增厚、中膜平滑肌細胞凋亡、外膜纖維化,最終導(dǎo)致移植器官缺血、功能衰竭,此被稱為移植物血管病,由于其可出現(xiàn)纖維脂質(zhì)斑塊、內(nèi)膜出現(xiàn)細胞外基質(zhì)沉積、炎細胞浸潤等類似于動脈粥樣硬化的改變,故亦稱作移植物動脈硬化。據(jù)國際心肺移植協(xié)會(International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation,ISHLT) 報道,心臟移植術(shù)后1、5、10年AV發(fā)病率逐年增高,分別為8%、30%、50%,已成為慢性排斥反應(yīng)期患者死亡的主要病因[1]。AV形成過程經(jīng)歷4個階段,第1階段:移植后數(shù)天到數(shù)周血管壁滲入炎癥細胞,受體針對移植物發(fā)生免疫反應(yīng);第2階段:異體免疫反應(yīng)導(dǎo)致內(nèi)皮細胞損傷、剝脫,中膜平滑肌細胞凋亡,甚至可以觀察到整個中膜完全沒有平滑肌細胞,殘存彈力膜支架;第3階段:失去正常功能的損傷血管的重建;第4階段:新生內(nèi)膜中內(nèi)皮細胞、平滑肌細胞的失去控制的增殖,導(dǎo)致管腔狹窄、閉塞,最終導(dǎo)致移植物失去功能。在上述過程中免疫因素持續(xù)存在并始終參與,故其在AV中的作用由此可見一斑。
當(dāng)血液復(fù)流后受者T細胞活化為效應(yīng)T細胞,后者發(fā)揮細胞毒作用直接殺傷移植血管細胞。T細胞需經(jīng)過識別供者主要組織相容性復(fù)合體 (major histocompatibility complex, MHC)及共刺激分子作用才能被完全活化,活化信號均由抗原提呈細胞(antigen presenting cell, APC)傳遞,樹突狀細胞、巨噬細胞等專職APC在這一過程中起主要作用,血管內(nèi)皮細胞等非專職APC亦參與其中。T細胞識別有直接識別和間接識別兩種方式,區(qū)別在于前者是識別移植物中供者APC表面的同種異型抗原,而后者識別自身APC提呈的同種異型抗原。間接識別是導(dǎo)致AV的主要途徑,最直接的證據(jù)是將供者抗原提呈細胞去除后仍然存在AV;但在缺乏識別能力的動物模型中也觀察到AV,提示這兩種識別方式同時存在[2-3]。
抗原識別使T細胞初步活化并賦予其適應(yīng)性免疫應(yīng)答的特性,在共刺激分子的作用下才可完全活化,只有完全活化的T細胞才能進一步分泌細胞因子和表達細胞因子受體,反之T細胞克隆失能。CD40、CD80、CD86表達于抗原提呈細胞,其內(nèi)源性配體CD28、CD154表達于T細胞,將該共刺激通路阻斷雖然促進了免疫耐受,但是并不能限制AV的發(fā)展[4];而阻斷可誘導(dǎo)共刺激分子(inducible costimulator, ICOS)與其配體結(jié)合,則減輕內(nèi)膜中平滑肌樣細胞的增殖程度[5]。并不是所有的共刺激分子都發(fā)揮促進T細胞增殖的作用,如程序性死亡因子-1(programmed death, PD-1),其有PDL-1、PD-L-2兩個配體,阻斷PD-1/PDL-1加劇了排斥反應(yīng),但阻斷PD-1/PDL-2卻未觀察到上述表現(xiàn)[6];T細胞免疫球蛋白粘蛋白分子-1(T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain containing molecule, TIM-1)具有激活和抑制T細胞功能的雙重作用,將其阻斷后可抑制Th17而減輕AV[7-8]??梢姴煌泊碳し肿訉細胞作用不同,即便是同一因子亦可導(dǎo)致不同效應(yīng),提示共刺激分子對T細胞功能調(diào)控存在更加精密的機制。T細胞完全活化便分化為效應(yīng)T細胞,后者分泌細胞毒性分子,經(jīng)穿孔素/顆粒酶途徑及Fas/FasL途徑激活Caspase級聯(lián)反應(yīng),促使靶細胞凋亡[9];分泌細胞因子調(diào)節(jié)免疫和促進自身增殖。
在AV患者中發(fā)現(xiàn)抗MHC抗體、供者特異性抗體,其可經(jīng)過多種直接或間接途徑影響血管內(nèi)皮細胞的功能[10-11]。IgG抗體與MHC-Ⅰ抗原結(jié)合后可使內(nèi)皮細胞迅速釋放粘附分子如假血友病因子、P-選擇素,趨化因子如MCP-1、IL-8 、RANTES及生長因子如血小板源性生長因子(platelet derived growth factor, PDGF)、堿性成纖維細胞生長因子(basic fibroblast growth factor, bFGF),這些細胞因子經(jīng)過各種途徑參與AV[12]。MHC分子還可改變細胞骨架結(jié)構(gòu),以利于炎細胞黏附和增殖。內(nèi)皮細胞表面的抗MHC-Ⅰ抗體可增強Rho-GTP活性,使Rho激酶磷酸化,導(dǎo)致張力纖維重組從而改變細胞骨架結(jié)構(gòu);同時RhoA通過磷脂酰激醇-3-激酶途徑促進內(nèi)皮細胞增殖[13]。沉默黏著斑激酶(focal adhesion kinase, FAK) 后絲氨酸、樁蛋白和異位樁蛋白的磷酸化與MHC-Ⅰ分子的結(jié)合顯著減少,提示肌動蛋白依賴的分子聚集致細胞骨架改變是MHC-Ⅰ分子發(fā)揮生物學(xué)作用的路徑[14]。在AV患者中發(fā)現(xiàn)毛細血管內(nèi)皮細胞表達S6核糖體蛋白(S6 ribosomal protein, S6RP)[15],S6RP位于雷帕霉素復(fù)合體1(mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1, mTORC1)下游,mTORC1由Raptor和GβL共同組成,其可使真核起始4E結(jié)合蛋白和激活p70S6激酶、S6RP磷酸化而促進細胞增殖,沉默Raptor、Rictor后可阻斷MHC-Ⅰ對血管內(nèi)皮細胞的增殖作用[16];mTORC2可通過ERK通路促進細胞增殖,敲除Raptor后發(fā)現(xiàn)MHC-Ⅰ促增殖作用取消,但敲除Rictor卻未能阻斷上述作用[17];可見mTOR通路是MHC-Ⅰ參與AV的重要途徑,但調(diào)節(jié)機制有所差異。
補體系統(tǒng)激活能使抗體改變內(nèi)皮細胞、白細胞功能,抗體與C1結(jié)合后可被酶切為C2及C4,隨后二者形成復(fù)合體并再次被酶切為C3,C3和C4又可產(chǎn)生生物活性片段C3a、C3b及C4a、C4b,C3b與B因子結(jié)合使其大量沉著并促進白細胞浸潤、黏附;C3b還能激活C5產(chǎn)生活性片段C5a和C5b,前者對白細胞有強烈的趨化作用,而后者與C6、C9形成膜攻擊復(fù)合體溶解靶細胞[12]??贵w和補體還可通過非經(jīng)典的NF- κB信號通路激活受者T細胞,從而誘發(fā)細胞介導(dǎo)的免疫損傷,激活補體系統(tǒng)意義在于放大了免疫效應(yīng)[18]。
細胞因子主要來源于免疫細胞、內(nèi)皮細胞、平滑肌細胞和上皮細胞[19]。在AV中T細胞產(chǎn)生的IFN-γ最為重要,其激活巨噬細胞,促使內(nèi)皮細胞分泌粘附因子、趨化因子募集炎細胞,并通過增強抗原提呈細胞表達MHC-Ⅰ類和MHC-Ⅱ分子放大免疫效應(yīng)。敲除IFN-γ后未觀察到AV,使用抗IFN-γ抗體處理AV明顯減輕[20]。IFN-γ主要由Th1細胞產(chǎn)生,自然殺傷細胞細胞毒性T細胞、樹突狀細胞等分泌量相對少。IFN-γ是巨噬細胞的激活劑,后者活化后合成IL-12、IL-18,繼而進一步激活T細胞,形成正反饋循環(huán)[21]。在IL-12、IL-18刺激下血管平滑肌細胞亦可分泌IFN-γ,而后者可直接促進血管平滑肌細胞增殖[22],這一作用還與IFN-γ所致的內(nèi)皮細胞對一氧化氮合成酶活性調(diào)節(jié)失能有關(guān)[23]。值得注意的是IFN-γ對移植血管中膜的平滑肌細胞和內(nèi)膜中的平滑肌樣細胞作用不同[24]。腫瘤壞死因子-α(tumour necrosis factor-α, TNF-α)是一種多效促炎因子,其通過促進IL-12的產(chǎn)生進而促使IFN-γ生成,敲除供者TNF受體明顯減輕AV[25]。
趨化因子是一類使細胞發(fā)生趨化運動的小分子蛋白(8-10kD),可分為CXC、CC、XC及CX3C四個家族,其中以前二者最常見。趨化因子必須通過與其對應(yīng)的受體結(jié)合才能發(fā)揮生物學(xué)功能,MCP-1是典型的CC類趨化因子,血管內(nèi)皮細胞、平滑肌細胞、巨噬細胞均可合成,通過與CCR2受體配體結(jié)合,可以招募單核細胞、T細胞和自然殺傷細胞;而同屬CC類的細胞因子RANTES則在血小板和移植血管新生內(nèi)膜中的平滑肌樣細胞中表達。敲除MCP-1或CCR-2后均能減少單個核細胞的聚集以及遲發(fā)型超敏反應(yīng)對移植血管的損傷[26-27]。IFN-γ可誘導(dǎo)產(chǎn)生一些趨化因子,如IP10(IFN-inducible protein 10), Mig(monokine induced by IFN-γ)、I-TAC(IFN-inducible T-cell α-chemoattractant),與AV相關(guān)性更明顯[28-29]。內(nèi)皮祖細胞在趨化因子的作用下定向歸巢至移植物損傷血管內(nèi)膜,要完成黏附并定位于損傷的部位還需要血管內(nèi)膜表達各種黏附分子的幫助。研究顯示,移植物血管內(nèi)皮細胞表面可以表達多種黏附分子,包括細胞間黏附分子(inter cellular adhesion molecule-1, ICAM-l)、血管細胞黏附分子(vaseular cell adhesion molceule-1,VCAM-1)、P-選擇素以及E-選擇素等,對促進內(nèi)皮細胞黏附發(fā)揮重要作用[30-32]。
盡管缺血-再灌注損傷、感染等非免疫因素在一定程度參與了AV的發(fā)生、發(fā)展,但免疫因素仍是AV的核心機制。由于免疫細胞分泌的多種細胞因子和趨化因子,使得免疫因素和非免疫因素相互作用,錯綜復(fù)雜的病因?qū)е翧V難防、難治;另外,動脈粥樣硬化與AV在臨床表現(xiàn)、病理機制方面有相似之處,應(yīng)注意甄別??傊?,AV的治療方案應(yīng)以免疫調(diào)節(jié)為基礎(chǔ),并重細胞因子調(diào)控的原則制定,而進一步發(fā)掘AV的發(fā)病機制是解決這一臨床議題的根本。
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