張滿勝,英國劍橋大學(xué)英語碩士,新東方學(xué)?!靶滤季S語法”培訓(xùn)創(chuàng)始人,著有《英語語法新思維》系列圖書,對英語語法有深入的研究,突破傳統(tǒng)語法教學(xué),提出了“語法即思維”的全新語法理念,揭開了英語思維的深層秘密。他對中國學(xué)生英語學(xué)習(xí)的癥結(jié)和困惑有深刻的了解,力爭改變中國學(xué)生“學(xué)習(xí)多年英語,最終還是不會說、不會寫、聽不懂”的尷尬局面。歡迎大家來信咨詢與英語學(xué)習(xí)相關(guān)的問題,請?jiān)谛欧庥蚁陆腔蜞]件主題欄注明“熱線答疑”。
Q:She has been dreaming of a future ______ she can spend more time growing flowers.
A. that B. when C. where D. which
張老師您好!這道題答案是C,我選的是B。In the future的意思不是“在未來的時(shí)間里”嗎?我們老師的解釋是“在未來的廣闊空間里”。請您幫忙解答一下,謝謝!
A:首先可以肯定的是,本題選擇where比較好。雖然future (將來)是一個(gè)時(shí)間概念,但是native speaker一般把它作為空間概念來看待。比如in the near future (在較近的未來)和in the distant future (在很遠(yuǎn)的未來),其中的near和distant本來就是描述空間概念的詞。實(shí)際上,空間結(jié)構(gòu)是人類認(rèn)知活動中最基本的概念,由此引申到時(shí)間概念,乃至各種各樣的抽象概念。也就是說,時(shí)間概念是根植于空間概念的。下面我們再來看幾個(gè)例子。
1. Writers should welcome a future where readers remix our books.
2. English represents hope for a better future, a future where the world has a common language to solve its common problems.
3. A: I don't care about the future. All I care about is today.
B: Oh? Well, answer this question for me. Where will you spend the rest of your life?
A: What do you mean?
B: I mean it's important to pay attention to the future. That's where you will spend the rest of your life.
由此我們可以看出,native speaker多用空間概念來解釋future。
Q:張老師您好!麻煩您幫忙解釋一下下面這兩道題,謝謝!
1. The story happened on a day ______ the weather was wet and cold.
A. when B. which
C. in which D. on when
2. The story happened on a day ______ was wet and cold.
A. when B. on which C. which D. 不填
A:這兩道題考查的是關(guān)系副詞與關(guān)系代詞的用法。關(guān)系副詞(where/when/why)在定語從句中充當(dāng)狀語。關(guān)系代詞(who/whom/whose/that/which)在定語從句中充當(dāng)主語或賓語等成分。
據(jù)此,我們在選擇定語從句的關(guān)系詞時(shí),首先不是查看主句中的被修飾名詞(即先行詞),而是應(yīng)該分析定語從句的結(jié)構(gòu),分析定語從句是否缺少主語或賓語這樣的名詞性成分。如果缺,那么必定要選關(guān)系代詞;如果不缺,就要選關(guān)系副詞。根據(jù)這一原則,我們來判斷上面這兩道題。
第一題中的定語從句是the weather was wet and cold,這句話不缺少主語或賓語,所以要考慮使用關(guān)系副詞。然后,再看主句中的先行詞是day,表示時(shí)間,所以選擇when來引導(dǎo)定語從句,故此題選A。
第二題中的定語從句是______ was wet and cold,顯然was前面缺少主語,所以要考慮使用關(guān)系代詞。然后,再看主句中的先行詞是day,這是非人稱名詞,此時(shí)要用that或which引導(dǎo)定語從句,故此題選C。
Q:The dinner party ______ at 7 p.m. will be followed by a concert.
A. to start B. starting
C. started D. being started
張老師您好!這道題答案給的是B,我選的是A,因?yàn)椴欢ㄊ奖韺?,但我們老師說進(jìn)行時(shí)表將來,我很困惑。如果遇到類似題該怎么選?
A:這道題選擇starting比較好,整個(gè)句子相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語從句:The dinner party that is starting/starts at 7 p.m. will be followed by a concert. 不定式作后置定語一般僅限于一些特殊結(jié)構(gòu)中,比如有最高級或序數(shù)詞修飾的名詞后邊,例如:
He is the best man to do the job.
He was the second person to be killed in this way.endprint