楊 元,姜艷艷,2*,石任兵,2*
1北京中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)中藥學(xué)院;2 北京市教委中藥質(zhì)量控制技術(shù)工程中心,北京 100102
耳草屬(Hedyotis)為茜草科(Rubiaceae)植物,主要分布于熱帶和亞熱帶地區(qū),少數(shù)分布于溫帶。我國有耳草屬植物69 種(包括7個變種),主要分布于長江流域及其以南各省區(qū),北部極少[1]。目前臨床上常用白花蛇舌草、牛白藤、耳草的地上部分入藥,具有清熱解毒、消腫止痛等功效,用于感冒發(fā)熱、咽喉腫痛、咳嗽、瘡癤和蛇咬傷。其中白花蛇舌草(H.diffusa)具有良好的抗癌作用,臨床常輔助癌癥治療,中國藥典一部(2010 年版)附錄收載的植物來源為茜草科植物白花蛇舌草Oldenlandia diffusa(willd.)Roxb.的干燥全草[2]。
國內(nèi)外對耳草屬植物報道較多。目前從耳草屬中分離出環(huán)稀醚萜類、黃酮類、醌類、三萜類、生物堿類、糖類等多種類型數(shù)百種化合物,其中環(huán)稀醚萜類、黃酮類、醌類、生物堿類為該屬植物的主要化學(xué)成分。藥理學(xué)研究表明,該屬植物具有抗腫瘤、免疫調(diào)節(jié)、肝保護、抗菌、抗炎、抗氧化等多種生物活性。
關(guān)于耳草屬植物化學(xué)成分與藥理作用的研究,目前,僅見斯建勇[3]等于2007 進行過綜述,本文在其基礎(chǔ)上總結(jié)了2007 年至今最新研究進展,并補充了2007 年之前發(fā)表而并未被其收錄的部分化合物,如teneoside A、teneoside B、hedyotideaside、capitelline、hedyocapitelline、hedyocapitelline 等,從而更全面深入的對耳草屬植物進行介紹,為其進一步研究和應(yīng)用奠定基礎(chǔ)。
耳草屬植物中含有多種黃酮類成分,主要為黃酮醇及其苷類以及雙黃酮類成分,如槲皮素及其苷類成分、山奈酚及其苷類成分、水仙苷、穗花杉雙黃酮等。從白花蛇舌草(H.diffusa)中分離得到isoscutellarein、isoetin (2、4)[4];3-methoxy-5,7-dihydroxy-flavonol (5)[5];kaeperferol (6)[7,10];kaempferol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside、kaempferol-3-O-(6''-O-α-L-rhamnoseyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside (7、8)[7];kaempferol-3-O-[2-O-(6-O-E-feruloyl)-β-Dglucopyranosyl]-β-D-glucopyranoside(9)[8];kaempferol-3-O-[2″-O-(E-6'''-O-feruloyl)-β-D-glucopyranosyl]-β-D-galactopyranoside、kaempferol-3-O-[2-O-(6-O-E-feruloyl)-β-D-glucopyranosyl]-β-D-galactopyranoside(10、11)[20];kaempferol-3-O-(2-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside (12)[8];kaempferol-3-O-(2-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl)-β-D-galactopyranoside(13)[20];quercetin(15)[9,17];quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside(16)[7];quercetin-3-O-(2''-Oglucopyranosyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside(17)[7];quercetin-3-O-[2-O-(6-O-E-feruloyl)-β-D-glucopyranosyl]-β-D-galactopyranoside(18)[8];quercetin-3-O-[2-O-(6-O-E-feruloyl)-β-D-glucopyranosyl]-β-D-glucopyranoside(19)[8];5-hydroxy-6,7,3',4' -tetramethoxyflavone(20)[9];amentoflavone(24)[11]。從金毛耳草(H.chrysotricha)中分離得到rutin(1)[31,33,48];isoscutellarein(2)[4];quercetin (15)[9,17];nicotiflorin(22)[31];narcissin(23)[31,48]。從丹草(H.herbacea)中分離得到kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside(14)[45]。從纖花耳草(H.tenellifloa)中分離得到5,7,4'-trihydroxy flavonol-3-O-β-D-glucoside(21)[34]。從該屬植物分離得到的黃酮類成分化學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)如圖1 所示。
圖1 耳草屬植物中黃酮類成分化學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)式Fig.1 Chemical structures of flavonoids from genus Hedyotis
耳草屬植物中含有的環(huán)稀醚萜類化合物主要為環(huán)稀醚萜苷,此類成分為耳草屬植物特征化學(xué)成分,多數(shù)環(huán)烯醚萜類成分化學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)中4 位羧基形成甲酯,也有少量4 位無取代基,如harpagoside、harpagide。從金毛耳草(H.chrysotricha)中分離得到asperulosidic acid (25)[48];10-deacetyl asperulosidic acid(27)[28];scandoside methyl ester(28)[31];acetyl scandoside methyl ester(29)[31];6β-hydroxy-genipin(30)[27];asperuloside (hedyotiside B)(32)[48];deacetylasperuloside(33)[48];hedyotiside B (6'-acetyl asperuloside)(34)[28,31];loganin、hedyoside、chrysotosid、hedyotoside、hedyotideaside (36-38、47)[48];6'-acetyl deacetyl asperuloside(54)[31]。從白花蛇舌草中分離得到asperuloside(32)[5,28];diffusoside A、diffusoside B(40、41)[13];E-6-O-p-methoxy-cinnamoyl scandoside methyl ester、Z-6-O-p-methoxy-cinnamoyl scandoside methyl ester、E-6-O-p-feruloyl scandoside methyl ester、Z-6-O-p-feruloyl scandoside methyl ester、E-6-O-p-coumaroyl scandoside methyl ester、Z-6-O-pcoumaroyl scandoside methyl ester(48~53)[21,23]。從纖花耳草(H.tenellifloa)中分離得到asperulosidic acid(25)[34];teneoside A、teneoside B、deacetylasperuloside(31、33、35)[47];teneoside C、harpagoside、harpagide(42、44、45)[35]。從該屬植物中分離得到的環(huán)烯醚萜結(jié)構(gòu)式見圖2。
圖2 耳草屬植物中環(huán)烯醚萜類成分化學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)式Fig.2 Chemical structures of iridoids from genus Hedyotis
從耳草屬植物中分離得到的生物堿類成分多為β-carboline 類和吲哚類生物堿。從黃毛耳草中分離得到chrysotricine(55)[31];從頭狀花耳草(H.capitellata)中 分 離 得 到capitelline (58)[42]、hedyocapitelline、hedyocapitine(56、57)[41]、(-)-isocyclocapitelline、(+)-cyclocapitelline、isochrysotricine(59、60、61)[38]。耳草屬植物中生物堿類成分化學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)見圖3。
圖3 耳草屬植物中生物堿類成分化學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)式Fig.3 Chemical structures of alkaloids from genus Hedyotis
據(jù)文獻報道,目前從耳草屬植物中分離得到的醌類成分多數(shù)為9,10-蒽醌,另外還有少量1,4-蒽醌和苯醌。取代基多為羥基、甲基、甲氧基和羥甲基,也有鄰位環(huán)合成吡喃環(huán)的;從丹草(H.herbacea)中分離出2-hydroxymethyl-10-hydroxy-1,4-anthraquinone、2,3-dimethoxy-9-hydroxy-1,4-anthraquinone、1,4-dihydroxy-2-hydroxymethyl anthraquinone、1,4-dihydroxy-2-hydroxymethyl anthraquinone (62、63、80,81)[46]。從白花蛇舌草(H.diffusa)中分離得到2-methyl-3-hydroxyanthraquinone、2-methyl-3-methoxy anthraquinone、2,6-dihydroxy-3-methyl-4-methoxy anthraquinone(66、67、75)[17];2-hydroxy-1-methoxy-anthraquinone、2-hydroxy-1,3-dimethoxy anthraquinone(68、70)[11];2-hydroxy-6-methyl-anthraquinone、2-hydroxy-3-methoxy-6-methyl-9,10-anthraquinone (73、78)[26];2-hydroxy-7-methyl-3-methoxy-anthraquinone(69)[6];2,3-dimethoxy-6-methyl anthraquinone(71)[22];2-hydroxy-7-hydroxymethyl-3-methoxy anthraquinone(72)[25];2,7-dihydroxy-3-methyl-anthraquinone (74)[14];2-hydroxy-1-methoxy-3-methyl-anthraquinone (76)[6,16];2,6-dihydroxy-1-methoxy-3-methyl-anthraquinone(77)[16];1,3-dihydroxy-2-methyl-anthraquinone(87)[50];1,7-dihydroxy-6-methoxy-2-methyl-anthraquinone(88)[51]。從 黃 毛 耳 草(H.chrysotricha)中分離得到2,6-dimethoxyl-1,4-benzoquinone(64)[31,48];hydyotanthraquinone(65)[32]。從頭狀花耳草(H.capitellata)中分離得到2-hydroxymethyl-3,4-[2-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)-dihydrofurano]-8-hydroxyanthraquinone、capitellataquinone A、capitellataquinone B、capitellataquinone C、capitellataquinone D、rubiadin、anthragallol 2-methyl ether、alizarin 1-methyl ether、lucidin-3-O-β-glucoside (79,89-97)[39]。從牛白藤(H.hedyotidea)中分離得到hedanthrosides A、hedanthrosides B、hedanthrosides C、hedanthrosides D、hedanthrosides E(82-86)[44]。從該屬中分離得到的蒽醌類成分化學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)見圖4。
三萜類:從耳草屬植物中分離得到的三萜類成分主要為烏蘇烷型、齊墩果烷型和羽扇豆烷型。從黃毛耳草分離得到ursolic acid[29]、oleanolic acid[29]、betulic acid[30]。從纖花耳草(蝦子草)(H.tenellifloa)中分離得到6個烏蘇烷類三萜化合物[50]。從白花蛇舌草中分離得到gypsogenic acid[4]。從牛白藤中分離得到epibetulinic acid[48]。
甾體類:耳草屬植物中分離得到的甾體類成分主要為植物甾醇。從白花蛇舌草、牛白藤、金毛耳草、纖花耳草中分離得到β-sitosterol、stigmasterol、stigmasterol-5,2-diene-3β-7α-diol、stigmasterol-5,2-diene-3β-7β-diol、6-hydroxy stigmast-4,22-dien-3-one、3-hydroxy stigmast-5,22-diene -7-one、ergosterol、daucosterol[6,24,25,42,44]。
苯丙素類:從耳草屬植物中分離得到的苯丙素類成分主要有簡單苯丙素、香豆素和木脂素。從白花蛇舌草和金毛耳草中分離得到esculetin、p-香豆酸、ferulic acid、caffeic acid、scopoletin、liriodendrin、iso-larisiresinol、4,4'-dihydroxy-α-truxillic acid、木脂體紫丁香脂素[4,17,31,32,48,51]。從雙花耳草(H.biflora)中分離得到角形吡喃香豆素hedyotiscone A、hedyotiscone B、hedyotiscone C[37]。
揮發(fā)性成分:從耳草屬植物中分離的揮發(fā)油主要包括脂肪族含氧衍生物、芳香族含氧衍生物和萜類含氧衍生物。采用SD、GC 和GC/MS 鑒別出白花蛇舌草中30 多種揮發(fā)性成分[24]。采用SD、SFE、GC/MS 從劍葉耳草(H.caudatifolia)中鑒別出60 多種揮發(fā)性成分[27]。
圖4 耳草屬植物中醌類成分化學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)式Fig.4 Chemical structures of anthraquinone from genus Hedyotis
白花蛇舌草水煎液對宮頸癌Hela 細胞有較好的抑制作用,可使Ki-67 蛋白的表達下降[51],降低端粒酶活性、下調(diào)hTERT mRNA 的表達水平[52]、使Hela 細胞阻滯于S 期[53],從而誘導(dǎo)、促進腫瘤細胞的凋亡。白花蛇舌草多糖對宮頸癌Hela 細胞也有較好的抑制作用[54]。白花蛇舌草對肝癌具有治療效果[55],其水提取物通過上調(diào)bax 蛋白表達[56],提高CD4+、CT8+淋巴細胞表達[57],以及下調(diào)Cdk2 和E2F1 的mRNA 表達,將肝癌細胞株HepG2 細胞阻滯在G0/G1 期[58],從而達到對肝癌細胞的抑制作用。白花蛇舌草提取物可抑制結(jié)腸癌HT-29 的細胞增殖,通過上調(diào)bax,下調(diào)bcl-2[62]、耐藥基因ABCG2 的mRNA[63]以及HT-29 細胞Pim-1 和Pim-2 的mRNA 表達[64],從而誘導(dǎo)細胞凋亡,起到抗結(jié)腸癌的作用。白花蛇舌草提取物能明顯抑制白血病k562 細胞[66]、CEM 細胞[67]、多藥耐藥白血病細胞HL-60/ADR[68]、HL60 細胞株[67]生長,在一定濃度下,可觀察到細胞縮小、染色質(zhì)明顯濃縮、核聚集等典型細胞凋亡特征,在瓊脂凝膠電泳中出現(xiàn)明顯的DNA 梯形凋亡帶,推測白花蛇舌草可能的抗白血病機制為誘導(dǎo)腫瘤細胞凋亡[66]。
白花蛇色花草醇提物對肺腺癌A594 細胞具有一定的抑制作用,其機制可能是將細胞周期阻滯在G1-G0期、上調(diào)Bax 和下調(diào)Bcl-2 的表達而誘導(dǎo)細胞凋亡[65]。白花蛇舌草中豆甾醇類成分[59]、揮發(fā)油類成分[60]、黃酮類成分[61]對肝癌H22、HepG2 具有一定的抑制作用。
白花蛇舌草多糖可顯著促進溶血素形成、可使脾臟及胸腺增重并且明顯提高吞噬能力,從而增強機體的免疫功能[69]。白花蛇舌草總黃酮可以促進免疫功能低下的小鼠由ConA 或LPS-γ 誘導(dǎo)的脾淋巴細胞的增殖反應(yīng),促進免疫功能低下小鼠脾臟IgM 抗體形成,并升高抗腫瘤藥物所致的小鼠白細胞減少,從而增強機體免疫[70]。
白花蛇舌草95%乙醇提取物對革蘭氏陽性菌、革蘭氏陽性菌具有抑制作用,其中,對格蘭氏陰性菌的抑菌作用大于革蘭氏陽性菌[71]。白花蛇舌草總黃酮對球菌和桿菌均具有不同程度的抑菌和殺菌作用,且對球菌的作用優(yōu)于桿菌[72]。頭狀花耳草提取物對枯草芽孢桿菌B28(突變株)、枯草芽孢桿菌B29(野生型)、銅綠假單胞菌、耐甲氧西林金黃色葡萄球菌有較好的抑制作用[78]。
白花蛇舌草總黃酮對二甲苯誘導(dǎo)的小鼠耳腫脹和醋酸所致小鼠毛細血管通透性增高有一定的抑制作用,對大鼠松節(jié)油氣囊肉芽增生和新鮮蛋清誘導(dǎo)大鼠足爪腫脹亦有明顯的抑制作用,說明其具有一定的抗炎、鎮(zhèn)痛作用[72]。牛白藤石油醚、乙酸乙酯萃取物能明顯減輕二甲苯誘導(dǎo)的小鼠耳腫脹程度,抑制熱刺激和醋酸引起的小鼠疼痛反應(yīng),說明牛白藤有明顯的抗炎、鎮(zhèn)痛活性[73]。
保肝作用:白花蛇舌草可顯著減輕CCl4引起的肝組織病理損傷程度,提高外周血CD4+T 細胞的百分比和CD4+T 細胞/CD8+T 細胞的比值,降低CD8+T 細胞的百分比,降低血漿中TNF-γ 和IL-6的水平,對肝損傷有一定的治療作用[74]。
治療哮喘作用:白花蛇舌草通過阻斷NF -κBp65 表達,下調(diào)哮喘小鼠BALF 中IL-4、IL-5、IL-13 水平,同時上調(diào)BAIF 中IFN-γ 水平以及降低炎癥細胞數(shù)量,從而抑制氣道炎癥,達到治療哮喘的作用[75]。
抗氧化作用:白花蛇舌草多糖和總黃酮、丹草提取物均可以清除DPPH 自由基,且氧化能力隨著與濃度呈現(xiàn)量效關(guān)系[76-78]。
神經(jīng)保護作用:白花蛇舌草中的黃酮類和環(huán)稀醚萜類成分可減弱谷氨酸鹽誘導(dǎo)的神經(jīng)毒性,有一定的神經(jīng)保護作用[8]。
耳草屬植物具有豐富的植物資源和顯著的藥理作用,在民間大多作白花蛇舌草使用。目前,除了白花蛇舌草(Hedyotis diffusa willd.)外,對耳草屬其它植物的研究與開發(fā)應(yīng)用還較少,因此,亟待對本屬植物的化學(xué)成分和藥理作用進行進一步深入研究,從而闡明藥效物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ),為耳草屬植物的進一步藥用植物資源開發(fā)應(yīng)用提供科學(xué)依據(jù)。
1 Delectis Florae Reipublicae Popularis Sinica Agendae Academiae Sinicae Edita(中國科學(xué)院中國植物志編輯委員會).Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae(中國植物志).Beijing:Science Press,1999.71:26-32.
2 Chinese Pharmacopoeia Commission(國家藥典委員會).Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China(中華人民共和國藥典).Beijing:China Medical Science Press,2010.Appendix 23.
3 Si JY(斯建勇),et al.Advance on chemistry and bioactivity of genus Hedyotis.Nat Prod Res Dev(天然產(chǎn)物研究與開發(fā)),2007,19:517-523.
4 Huang WH(黃衛(wèi)華),et al.Chemical constituents from Hedyotis diffusa.Chin J Chin Mater Med(中國中藥雜志),2009,34:712-714.
5 Yang YB(楊亞濱),et al.Chemical constituents of Hedyotis diffusa willd.J Yunnan Univ(云南大學(xué)學(xué)報),2007,29:187-189.
6 Kang XD(康興東),et al.Chemical constituents of Hedyotis diffusa willd.J Shenyang Pharm Univ(沈陽藥科大學(xué)學(xué)報),2007,24:479-481.
7 Zhang HJ(張海娟),et al.Study on flavonoids from Hedyotis diffusa willd.J Chin Med Mater(中藥材),2005,28:385-387.
8 Kim YL,et al.neuroprotective constituents from Hedyotis diffusa.J Nat Prod,2001,64:75-78.
9 Liu JZ(劉晶芝),Wang L(王莉).Studies on chemical constituents of Hedyotis diffusa willd.Hebei Med Univ(河北醫(yī)科大學(xué)學(xué)報),2007,28:188-190.
10 Ren FZ(任風(fēng)芝),et al.Study on flavonoids from Hedyotis diffusa willd.Chin J Chin Mater Med(中國藥學(xué)雜志),2005,40:502-504.
11 Wu KS(吳孔松),et al.Studies on constituents of Oldenladia diffusa.Chin J Chin Mater Med(中國藥學(xué)雜志),2005,40:817-818.
12 Zhang YY(張永勇),Luo JB(羅佳波).Analysis of the chemical constituents of Hedyotis diffusa.J Chin Med Mater(中藥材),2008,31:522-524.
13 Zhang Y,et al.Two new iridoid gluco-sides from Hedyotis diffusa.Fitoterapia,2010,81:515-517.
14 Yu L(于莉),et al.A new anthraquinone from Hedyotis diffusa.Chin J Med Chem(中國藥物化學(xué)雜志),2008,18:298-299.
15 Kang XD(康興東),et al.A new anthraquinone from Hedyotis diffusa willd.Chin J Med Chem(中國藥物化學(xué)雜志),2006,16:368-369.
16 Zhou YJ(周應(yīng)軍),et al.Studies on constituents of Oldenlandia diffusa.Chin J Chin Mater Med(中國中藥雜志),2007,32:590-593.
17 Si JY(斯建勇),et al.Chemical constituents of Hedyotis diffusa.Nat Prod Res Dev(天然產(chǎn)物研究與開發(fā)),2006,18:942-944.
18 Tan NH(譚寧華),et al.Anticancer activity and principles of Hedyotis diffusa.Nat Prod Res Dev(天然產(chǎn)物研究與開發(fā)),2004,14(5):33-36.
19 Lu CM,et al.A new acylated flavonol glycoside and antioxidant effects of Hedyotis diffusa.Planta Med,2000,66:374-377.
20 Kim YL,et al.Neuroprotective constituents from Hedyotis diffusa.J Nat Prod,2001,64:75-78.
21 Nishihama Y,et al.Three new iridoid glucosides from Hedyotis diffusa.Planta Med,1981,43:28-33.
22 Ho TI,et al.An anthraquinone from Hedyotis diffusa.Phytochemistry,1986,25:1988-1989.
23 Wu HM,et al.Iridoids from Hedyotis diffusa.J Nat Prod,1991,54:254-256.
24 Wong KC,Tan GL.Composition of the essential oil of Hedyotis diffusa Willd.J Eessential Oil Res,1995,7:537-539.
25 Kang XD,et al.Two new anthraquinones from Hedyotis diffusa.J Nat Prod,2008,10:193-197.
26 Huang WH,et al.Four anthraquinones from Hedyotis diffusa.Nat Prod Lett,2008,10:193-197.
27 Pan WG(潘為高),et al.GC-MS analysis of volatile oil from Hedyotis lancea.Chin J Exp Tradit Med Form(中國實驗方劑學(xué)雜志),2012,18:130-134.
28 Peng JN(彭江南),et al.Chemical investigation of cenus hedyotis II.isolation and identification of iridoids from Hedyotis chrysotricha.Acta Pharm Sin(藥學(xué)學(xué)報),1997,32:908-913.
29 Fang ZP(方乍浦),Yang YF(楊義芳).Isolation and identification of chemical constituents from Hedyotis chrysotricha(Palib.)merr.Chin J Chin Mater Med(中國中藥雜志),1992,17:98-100.
30 Fang ZP(方乍浦),Yang YF(楊義芳).Isolation and identification of chemical constituents from Hedyotis chrysotricha(Palib.)merr.Jiangxi Med Coll(江西醫(yī)學(xué)院學(xué)報),1991,32:51-53.
31 Peng JN(彭江南),et al.Chemical studies on Hediotis chrysotricha.Chin J Exp Tradit Med Form(中國新藥雜志),1999,8:741-743.
32 Lin LE(林隆澤),Zhang JS(張金生).The isolation and identification of hydyotanthraquinone.Acta Botan Sin(植物學(xué)報),1988,30:670-672.
33 Shang HT(尚海濤).Analysis of flavonoids in herba hedyotids chrysotridhae with liquid chromatogram and mass chromatogram(LC-MC).Anim Husb Feed Sci(畜牧與飼料科學(xué)),2009,30(6):26-27.
34 Yuan QM(袁青梅),et al.Isolation and identification of chemical constituents from Hedyotis tenellifloa.Chin Tradit Herb Drugs(中草藥),2004,35:981-982.
35 Yuan QM(袁青梅),et al.One new iridoid glycoside from Hedyotis tenelliflora.Chin Tradit Herb Drugs(中草藥),2011,42:1464-1466.
36 Peng JN(彭江南),et al.Chemical investigation of genus hedyotis II.isolation and identification of iridoids from Hedyotis chrysotricha.Chin Tradit Herb Drugs(中草藥),1999,30:170-172.
37 Chen YH,et al.New cytotoxic 6-oxygenated 8,9-dihydrofurocoumarins,hedyotiscone A-C,from Hedyotis biflora.Planta Med,2006,72:75-78.
38 Nguyen MP,et al.β-Carboline alkaloids from Hedyotis capitellata.Phytochemistry,1999,52:1725-1729.
39 Ahmada R,et al.Anthraquinones from Hedyotis capitellata.Phytochemistry,2005,66:1141-1147.
40 Phuong NM,et al.Capitelline-A new indole alkaloid from Hedyotis capitellata.Nat Prod Lett,1998,11:93-100.
41 Phuong NM,et al.Two new β-carboline alkaloids from Hedyotis capitellata var.mollis.Planta Med,1999,65:761-762.
42 Peng JN,et al.A β-carboline alkaloid from Hedyotis chrysotricha.Phytochemistry,1997,46:1119-1121.
43 Peng JN,et al.Iridoids from Hedyotis hedyotidea.Phytochemistry,1998,46:1657-1659.
44 Hu XP,et al.New anthraquinone and iridoid glycosides from the stems of Hedyotis hedyotidea.Helv Chim Acta,2011,94:675-685.
45 Hamzah AS,Lajis NH.Chemical constituents of Hedyotis herbacea.ASEAN Rev Biodiver Envir Conserv(ARBEC),ArticleⅡ1-6.
46 Permana D,et al.Anthraquinones from Hedyotis herbacea.J Nat Prod,1999,62:1430-1431.
47 Zhao JF,et al.Two new iridoid glycosides from Hedyotis tenelliflora Blume.Helv Chim Acta,2005,88:2532-2536.
48 Peng JN(彭江南).Chemical studies on herbs of genus hedyotis.Beijing:Chinese Peking Union Medical College(中國協(xié)和醫(yī)科大學(xué)),PhD.1995.
49 Zhao JF(趙靜峰),et al.Chemical studies on Xiazicao.Chin J Chem(有機化學(xué)),2005,25:687.
50 Huang WH(黃衛(wèi)華),et al.Chemical constituents from Hedyotis diffusa.Chin J Chin Mater Med(中國中藥雜志),2008,33:524-526.
51 Zhang PY(張培影),et al.The study of Hedyotis diffusa for its effects on proliferation and apoptosis of the cervical tumor in nude mouse model.Chin Mod Med(中國當(dāng)代醫(yī)藥),2010,17(30):5-8.
52 Liu Y(劉穎),et al.Effect of Hedyotic diffusa on telomerase activity and hTERT gene expression in human cervical carcinom a Hela cells.J Basic Clin Oncol(腫瘤基礎(chǔ)與臨床),2010,23:103-106.
53 Gao C(高超),et al.Effect of Hedyotic diffusa on cell cycle,apoptosis and telomerase activity in human cervical cancer Hela cells.Acta Acad Med Xuzhou(徐州醫(yī)學(xué)院學(xué)報),2010,30:466-468.
54 Yang PM(楊培民),et al.Effect of polysaccharides of Oldenlandia diffusa on growth of bel-7402 and hela cells.Chin Med J Res Prac(現(xiàn)代中藥研究與實踐),2010,24(3):32-34.
55 Hu L(胡玲),et al.Effect of Herba Hedyotis Diffusae on expression of heat shock protein70 and p16 in mice with hepatoma cell-transplanted tumor.Trad Chin Drug Res Clin Pharm(中藥新藥與臨床藥理),2009,20:18-20.
56 Hu L(胡玲),et al.Effect of Herba Hedyotis diffusa on bcl-2 and bax expression in bearing neoplasia of H22 hepatoma cells.Chin J Integr Trad West Med dig(中國中西醫(yī)結(jié)合消化雜志),2011,19:378-381.
57 Gu XW(古學(xué)文),et al.Effect of H8P70 expression induced by Herba Hedyotis diffusae on T lymphocytes in mice with H22 liver cancer cell xenograft.Trad Chin Drug Res Clin Pharm(中藥新藥與臨床藥理),2010,21:393-395.
58 Chen XZ(陳旭征),et al.Effect of Cdk2 and E2F1 mRNA expression induced by hedyotis difusa on human hepatoma carcinoma HepG2 cell lines.Fujian J TCM(福建中醫(yī)藥),2012,43(2):32-34.
59 Zhang Y(張碩),et al.Inhibitive effect of stigmasterol from Hedyotis diffusa on hepatoma cell in vivo vitro and its influence on transplanted H22 tumor cell’s multiplication cycle,apoptosis.Prog Mod Biomed(現(xiàn)代生物醫(yī)學(xué)進展),2008,8:2016-2017.
60 Wang LL(王麗麗),et al.Anti-cancer effect of volatile oil from Hedyotis diffusa on human hepatoma carcinoma hepG2 cell lines.Fujian J TCM(福建中醫(yī)藥),2013,44(3):60-61.
61 Zhou YX(周憶新),et al.Effect of flavone from(Willd.)Roxb.on human hepatoma carcinoma cell hepG-2 Oldenlandia diffusa in vitro.Anti Infect Pharm(抗感染藥學(xué)),2009,6:179-181.
62 Peng J(彭軍),et al.Effect of Hedyotic diffusa extract on expression of Bcl-2 and Bax in human colon cancer HT-29 cells.J Fujian Univ TCM(福建中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)學(xué)報),2010,20(5):23-26.
63 Lin JM(林久茂),et al.Anti-cancer effect of Hedyotis diffusa on colon cancer 5-Fu cell lines.Fujian J TCM(福建中醫(yī)藥),2013,44:53-55.
64 Wei LH(魏麗慧),et al.Effect of Herba Hedyotis diffusa ethanol extract on mRNA expression of Pim-1 and Pim-2 in human colon cancer HT-29 cells.World J Int Trad West Med(世界中西醫(yī)結(jié)合雜志),2011,6:284-287.
65 Gai BA(高寶安),et al.Anti-cancer effect of ethanol extract from Hedyotis diffusa on lung adenocarcinoma A549 cell lines.Lishizhen Med Mater Med Res(時珍國醫(yī)國藥),2009,20:1392-1394.
66 Zhu DC(朱大誠),et al.Anti-cancer effect of aqueous extract from Hedyotis diffusa on lung adenocarcinoma K562 cell lines.Lishizhen Med Mater Med Res(時珍國醫(yī)國藥),2011,22:334-336.
67 Chen XZ(陳秀珍),et al.Research on the inhibitory function and mechanism of the aqueous extract of Hedyotis diffusa willd on CEM cells.Lishizhen Med Mater Med Res(時珍國醫(yī)國藥),2010,21:573-574.
68 Chen XZ(陳秀珍),et al.Anti-cancer effect of Hedyotis diffusa on leukemia CEM cell lines.Lishizhen Med Mater Med Res(時珍國醫(yī)國藥),2009,20:2461-2463.
69 Chen HX(陳浩許),et al.Immunomodulatory effect of polysaccharide and total flavonoids from Hedyotis diffusa.Veterin Sci Chin(中國獸醫(yī)科學(xué)),2008,2:4-6.
70 Wang YL(王宇翎),et al.Immunomodulatory effects of total flavones of Oldenlandia diffusa willd.Chin Pharm log Bull(中國藥理學(xué)通報),2005,21:444-447.
71 Li T(李濤),et al.Study on the antimicrobial effect of extract from Oldenlandia diffusa willd.Lishizhen Med Mater Med Res(時珍國醫(yī)國藥),2008,19:1335-1336.
72 Wang YL(王宇翎),et al.Anti-inflammatory and antibacterial effects of total flavones of Oldenlandia diffusa willd.Chin Pharm logl Bull(中國藥理學(xué)通報),2005,21:348-350.
73 Chen YF(陳艷芬),et al.Screening of anti-inflammatory analgesic effective parts of Hedyotis hedyotidea.Trad Chin Drug Res Clin Pharm(中藥新藥與臨床藥理),2012,23:17-19.
74 Li XP(李秀萍),et al.Effects of Hedyotis diffusa willd on tlymphocytes subgroup tnf-and il-6 in mice with liver in jury.Ningxia Med J(寧夏醫(yī)學(xué)雜志),2010,32:495-497.
75 Pu HM(樸紅梅),et al.Effects of Hedyotis diffusa on cytokines level of type th1/th2 in mice model with asthma.Chin Hosp Pharm(中國醫(yī)院藥學(xué)雜志),2013,33:1381-1385.
76 Jiang JP(蔣劍平),et al.Antioxidant activity of polysaccharide from Hedyotis diffusa willd.Chin Arch Trad Chin Med(中華中醫(yī)藥學(xué)刊),2012,30:1076-1078.
77 Xu HS(許海順),et al.Study on antioxidant activity of different extractant from Hedyotis diffusa willd.J Gansu Coll TCM(甘肅中醫(yī)學(xué)院學(xué)報),2012,29(2):48-51.
78 Ahmad R,et al.Antioxidant,radical-scavenging,anti-inflammatory,cytotoxic and antibacterial activities of methanolic extracts of some Hedyotis species.Life Sci,2005,76:1953-1964.