阮燕萍,趙肖奕,嚴(yán)健華,范中杰
心血管危險因素經(jīng)常是共存的,它們結(jié)合的效應(yīng)往往大于各自效應(yīng)總和。高血壓和血脂異常的兩者聯(lián)合在人群中很多見,而且血壓控制和降脂治療達(dá)標(biāo)能夠成功降低心血管疾病危險性[1,2]。羥甲基戊二酰輔酶A還原酶抑制劑(他汀類藥物)的降脂治療已得到廣泛認(rèn)可,且有穩(wěn)定斑塊的作用,能夠明顯改善冠心病患者的長期預(yù)后。近年來他汀類藥物獨立于降脂之外的降壓效應(yīng)也逐漸被發(fā)現(xiàn),但是目前的結(jié)果并不一致。因此,本研究對現(xiàn)有他汀類藥物對高血壓患者血壓影響的隨機(jī)對照試驗進(jìn)行了Meta分析,以便為臨床用藥提供科學(xué)證據(jù)。
1.1 文獻(xiàn)納入與排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
1.1.1 研究對象 高血壓以及高血壓合并高脂血癥或者糖尿病的患者。
1.1.2 干預(yù)及對照措施 試驗組患者接受他汀類藥物治療,對照組患者接受安慰劑或者其他非他汀類降脂藥物。
1.1.3 結(jié)局指標(biāo) 主要觀察指標(biāo)為治療前后的收縮壓和舒張壓。
1.1.4 研究類型 隨機(jī)對照試驗(RCTs)。
1.1.5 排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 排除研究質(zhì)量差、設(shè)計不合理、數(shù)據(jù)不完整和無法獲取全文的研究,同時排除有卒中、腎臟疾病或冠心病史,以及在研究期間降壓藥物發(fā)生變化的研究人群。
1.2 文獻(xiàn)檢索 在Cochrane library、PubMed和Embase網(wǎng)絡(luò)數(shù)據(jù)庫中檢索2012年12月31日之前的關(guān)于他汀類藥物對高血壓患者血壓影響的隨機(jī)對照試驗。文獻(xiàn)檢索策略如下:#1:"hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitors";#2:(hydroxymethylglutaryl-coa next reductase next inhibitors);#3:(hmg next coa)or hmg-coa or(hmg next co-a) and (reductase next inhibitor*);#4:statin* ;#5:fluvastatin;#6:simvastatin;#7:pravastatin;#8:lovastatin;#9:cerivastatin;#10:atorvastatin;#11:rosuvastatin;#12:(#1 OR #2 OR #3 OR #4 OR #5 OR #6 OR #7 OR #8 OR #9 OR #10 OR #11)Limits: Humans, Randomized Controlled Trial, English;#13:hypertension;#14:MeSH descriptor Hypertension explode all trees;#15:(#13 OR #14)Limits: Humans, Randomized Controlled Trial, English;#16:(#12 AND #15)
1.3 資料提取 按照設(shè)計好的資料提取表格,兩位研究者分別獨立提取以下信息:研究的設(shè)計及研究對象的一般特征;藥物、劑量和治療時間;治療和對照組在治療前后的收縮壓和舒張壓的均數(shù)和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差或者治療前后收縮壓和舒張壓差值的均數(shù)和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差。
1.4 質(zhì)量評價 根據(jù)改良Jadad量表對所納入研究進(jìn)行質(zhì)量評估,包括隨機(jī)方法、分配隱藏、盲法和失訪或者退出報告。最高分為7分,Jadad量表將納入的研究根據(jù)質(zhì)量評分,分為兩類:1~3分為低質(zhì)量研究,4~7分為高質(zhì)量研究。該過程由兩位研究者獨立完成并交叉核對,如有不同意見,由第三位研究者協(xié)助解決。
1.5 統(tǒng)計學(xué)分析 統(tǒng)計學(xué)分析采用RevMan 5.0版統(tǒng)計軟件。本研究的指標(biāo)為連續(xù)性變量,采用加權(quán)均數(shù)差(weighted mean difference,WMD)和95% 可信區(qū)間(confidence interval,CI)作為合并統(tǒng)計量(P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義)。通過I2評估納入研究的統(tǒng)計學(xué)異質(zhì)性,當(dāng)I2<50%時,表明異質(zhì)性較小,可采用固定效應(yīng)模型來分析;反之,采用隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型。此外,當(dāng)異質(zhì)性明顯時,還可進(jìn)一步行亞組分析對異質(zhì)性來源進(jìn)行定位,本研究根據(jù)基線血壓水平、不同他汀類藥物進(jìn)行亞組分析,明確異質(zhì)性來源于基線差異或者藥物差異。采用RevMan 5.0繪制漏斗圖(Funnel plots)來評價納入文獻(xiàn)是否存在發(fā)表偏倚。通過去除低質(zhì)量研究進(jìn)行敏感性分析檢測。
2.1 文獻(xiàn)檢索結(jié)果 共檢索出1103篇文獻(xiàn),去除重復(fù)發(fā)表后得到的文獻(xiàn)數(shù)量為771篇,閱讀題目和摘要初篩后得到的文獻(xiàn)數(shù)量為98篇,再通過閱讀全文排除不符合納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的文獻(xiàn),對于無全文的研究,研究者采取查閱紙質(zhì)版雜志或者跟作者聯(lián)系索要,最后納入33篇文獻(xiàn)(圖1)。
2.2 納入研究的一般特征及質(zhì)量評價 納入的33篇文獻(xiàn)中有5篇文獻(xiàn)[3,4,8,15,25]各包括兩個研究樣本,有1篇文獻(xiàn)[16]包括三個研究樣本,所以進(jìn)行Meta分析的研究樣本為40個,共包括2915例受試者。在本文所納入的研究中有72.5%(29/40)的研究評分在4~6分,屬于高質(zhì)量研究,而有11項研究[7,9,11,15,17-18,22,27,32,35]評分為3分。
2.3 Meta分析結(jié)果
圖1 文獻(xiàn)納入流程圖
表1 納入研究的特征與質(zhì)量評價
2.3.1 他汀類藥物對收縮壓的影響 對所有入選研究進(jìn)行異質(zhì)性檢驗,P<0.001,I2=91%,提示各研究間存在明顯異質(zhì)性。根據(jù)基線血壓水平進(jìn)行亞組分析,分為兩組:收縮壓≥140 mmHg組和<140 mmHg組,兩組異質(zhì)性分別為I2=92%和I2=89%(P<0.001),采用隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型進(jìn)行分析。結(jié)果示:與對照組相比,他汀類藥物治療組收縮壓下降1.52 mmHg(95%CI:-2.35~ -0.68,P<0.001)?;€收縮壓≥140 mmHg時,收縮壓下降2.28 mmHg(95%CI:-3.57~ -1.00,P<0.001),而基線收縮壓<140 mmHg的受試者收縮壓下降0.73mmHg(P=0.29,圖2)。
2.3.2 他汀類藥物對舒張壓的影響 與對照組相比,他汀類藥物治療可使舒張壓下降1.02 mmHg(95%CI:-1.70~-0.34,P=0.003)。根據(jù)基線舒張壓水平進(jìn)行亞組分析,舒張壓≥90 mmHg時,他汀類藥物對舒張壓的效應(yīng)[-1.87 mmHg(95%CI:-3.12~-0.62,P=0.003)]明顯大于舒張壓<90 mmHg者[-0.52mmHg(95%CI: -1.33~0.29,P=0.21)](圖3)。
2.3.3 不同他汀類藥物對血壓影響的的亞組分析 不同他汀類藥物分組后,異質(zhì)性仍然明顯(阿托伐他汀組P<0.001,I2=83%;氟伐他汀組組P<0.001,I2=84%;普伐他汀組P<0.001,I2=90%;辛伐他汀組P<0.001,I2=93%),故采用隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型評估他汀類藥物對血壓的影響。與對照組相比,阿托伐他汀治療可使收縮壓下降4.04 mmHg(95%CI:-6.43~-1.65,P=0.00009),可使舒張壓下降2.67 mmHg (95%CI:-4.32~-1.02,P=0.002)。其他他汀類藥物對血壓的影響不明顯(P均>0.05)。
圖2 他汀類藥物對不同基線收縮壓水平的亞組分析
2.3.4 他汀類藥物治療時間對血壓影響的亞組分析 根據(jù)他汀類藥物的治療時間,將納入研究分為≤3個月組,3個月~6個月組(包括6個月)和>6個月組。結(jié)果顯示,與對照組相比,他汀類藥物治療3個月~6個月組收縮壓下降4.76 mm Hg(95%CI:-7.89~-1.64,P=0.003)、舒張壓下降2.22 mm Hg(95%CI:-3.93~-0.51,P=0.01)。其余兩組收縮壓和舒張壓變化與對照組比較均無有統(tǒng)計學(xué)差異(P均>0.05)。
2.4 發(fā)表偏倚評價和敏感性分析 他汀類藥物對收縮壓和舒張壓影響漏斗圖基本對稱(圖4),可排除各研究的發(fā)表偏倚。將Jadad評分3分的研究排除后,與對照組相比,他汀類藥物可使收縮壓下降1.33 mmHg(P=0.004),使舒張壓降低0.85 mmHg(P=0.03),差異仍具有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義,表明本Meta分析的結(jié)果基本穩(wěn)定。
圖3 他汀類藥物對不同基線舒張壓水平的亞組分析
圖4 他汀類藥物對收縮壓(左)和舒張壓(右)影響的漏斗圖
3.1 納入研究的特征及質(zhì)量 本研究根據(jù)納入和排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)篩選后,共納入33篇文獻(xiàn),包括40個研究樣本,2915例研究對象。根據(jù)改良Jadad量表對所納入研究進(jìn)行質(zhì)量評估,只有Derosa的研究[8]描述了隨機(jī)的方法,評分結(jié)果顯示有72.5%屬于高質(zhì)量研究,低質(zhì)量研究僅采用隨機(jī)方法,未使用盲法,從而有可能影響研究結(jié)果的真實性和可靠性。對納入研究進(jìn)行敏感性分析,得出較穩(wěn)定的結(jié)果。由于各研究之間異質(zhì)性明顯,研究者根據(jù)基線血壓水平、不同他汀類藥物和不同治療時間將所納入研究進(jìn)行了亞組分析。
3.2 本研究對臨床的指導(dǎo)意義 本研究對目前他汀類藥物對高血壓患者血壓影響的研究進(jìn)行Meta分析,結(jié)果顯示:他汀類藥物可降低高血壓患者的收縮壓和舒張壓,且與基線血壓相關(guān),當(dāng)基線血壓高于140/90 mmHg時降壓效應(yīng)具有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義,以阿托伐他汀的降壓效應(yīng)最為明顯,且治療(3~6)個月時效果明顯,這將進(jìn)一步肯定他汀類藥物在心血管危險因素管理及心血管疾病治療方面的地位。在我們國家也有少數(shù)研究比較高血壓患者氟伐他汀、貝那普利及聯(lián)合用藥的臨床療效,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)藥物聯(lián)合治療高血壓,臨床療效優(yōu)于單一用藥,是較理想的降壓治療方案。2012年,Hashimoto等[36]研究他汀類藥物對接受不同降壓藥治療高血壓患者血壓的影響,結(jié)果顯示,他汀類藥物可使接受β受體阻滯劑的患者舒張壓下降。目前認(rèn)為他汀類藥物可能通過增加一氧化氮(NO)的生物利用度來改善內(nèi)皮功能,促進(jìn)再內(nèi)皮化,并降低氧化應(yīng)激和抑制炎癥反應(yīng)[14]。
3.3 本研究的局限性及未來臨床研究的方向 入選的隨機(jī)對照試驗樣本量都比較小,而目前一些大規(guī)模的他汀類藥物治療的研究由于沒有提供治療前后的血壓值而不能納入本Meta分析。入選的各研究由于設(shè)計不同、采用不同的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)等導(dǎo)致異質(zhì)性較大。本研究的結(jié)果表明他汀類藥物的降壓效應(yīng)是存在的,尤其是在治療(3~6)個月時,以阿托伐他汀最明顯。將來還需更多的隨機(jī)對照研究來探討他汀類藥物對不同降壓藥物治療的高血壓患者血壓程度的影響和機(jī)制。
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