何芳芳 陳 欣
(江蘇大學(xué) 外國語學(xué)院,江蘇 鎮(zhèn)江 212013)
根據(jù)《現(xiàn)代語言學(xué)詞典》[1](P240)的定義,名物化是“指從其他某個詞類形成名詞的過程,或指從一個底層小句得出一個名詞短語的派生過程”。Halliday的系統(tǒng)功能語言學(xué)中的語法隱喻理論[2](P340)對名物化進(jìn)行了深入的研究。他認(rèn)為,名物化是一種語法隱喻,是用名詞體現(xiàn)本來要用動詞或形容詞來體現(xiàn)的“過程”或“特征”,例如,與“technology is getting better”相對應(yīng)的名物化結(jié)構(gòu)為“advances in technology”。語法隱喻被廣泛應(yīng)用于各種類型的語篇中,在正式語篇[3]如新聞報道、法律文件、經(jīng)濟(jì)合約、官方文件中出現(xiàn)的頻率很高。名物化是創(chuàng)造語法隱喻最有力的手段。
筆者主要分析名物化在科技英語學(xué)術(shù)論文摘要中的功能??萍加⒄Z[4](EST,即 English for Science and Technology)作為專用英語(ESP,即English for Special Purposes)的組成部分,是廣大科學(xué)工作者進(jìn)行學(xué)術(shù)交流或向讀者介紹科學(xué)知識時慣用的一種語言體裁。
科技英語具有嚴(yán)密、客觀、抽象、正式等特點,名物化是小句和短語的壓縮,用一個名詞結(jié)構(gòu)代替小句和短語,相對于其他文體如小說、寓言、童話等來說,其所包含的信息量大、詞匯密度大。摘要是論文的濃縮和概括,在摘要中名物化出現(xiàn)的頻率更高。名物化在科技英語學(xué)術(shù)論文摘要中的功能主要體現(xiàn)在以下三個方面。
科技英語學(xué)術(shù)論文摘要是正式的書面文體,是整篇學(xué)術(shù)論文的濃縮和精華。摘要以最短的篇幅向讀者傳遞最新的科學(xué)技術(shù)知識,名物化是體現(xiàn)這些語義特點的最有效的手段。名物化結(jié)構(gòu)可以排除句子中動作執(zhí)行者、作者的主觀因素和環(huán)境因素對語篇的影響。名物化出現(xiàn)的頻率越高,語篇正式度就越高。名物化能夠增強(qiáng)語篇的正式性、簡潔性、客觀性、規(guī)范性,更適合出現(xiàn)在正式語篇中。如:
(1)It is well known that a stable torus is observed as a result after the system meets the super-critical Neimark-Sacker bifurcation for a limit cycle.Although tori are easily observed in two-dimensional and periodically forced dynamical systems,there is a few papers about stable tori in three-dimensional autonomous systems.
(2)A flow calorimeter capable of measuring very low microwave power contained in guided,electro-magnetic waves in the microwave frequency range is proposed.Calorimetric techniques are known to be the most accurate method for the measurement of RF power.
從上面的例子可以看出,在科技語篇中多使用名詞詞組或短語,如 Neimark-Sacker bifurcation,the bifurcation phenomena,tangent bifurcations,microwave frequency range,the measurement of RF power等,都是從相應(yīng)小句和短語轉(zhuǎn)變而來的。名物化結(jié)構(gòu)的出現(xiàn)使語篇更專業(yè)、更權(quán)威,凸顯正式性。名物化結(jié)構(gòu)是小句的濃縮,由小句打包而成,使語言更正式、更簡潔。例(1)中的“it is well known that”和例(2)中的“are known to be”等,模糊了主語、動作的執(zhí)行者,沒有限定成分和對語氣的選擇,降低了語篇的主觀性,加強(qiáng)了正式性和客觀性,從而提高了語篇的權(quán)威性、客觀性。因此,名物化結(jié)構(gòu)的運用使得語篇更加正式、簡潔、客觀,符合科技英語學(xué)術(shù)論文的文體風(fēng)格。
正式語篇的另一特點是詞匯密度大。所謂詞匯密度大,就是語篇中實詞出現(xiàn)的次數(shù)多、比例大,語篇所表達(dá)的信息量大,以較少的語言表達(dá)更多的信息。例如,“many notable masonry viaducts of numerous arches”,這個句子使用名詞結(jié)構(gòu),足以說明科技語篇詞匯密度大。通過名物化,小句可以被打包成為名詞詞組,句子越簡練,語篇的信息度就越高。摘要是科技英語學(xué)術(shù)論文最核心的部分,以最簡潔的語言概括論文的主要內(nèi)容,比一般正式文體的詞匯密度要大。如:
(3)This novel implementation of micro fabrication would be capable of modulation-invariant power measurements well below 100μ W at frequencies well above 25GHz.In addition,high-accuracy calibration of this device could be accomplished with simple DC substitution.
(4)Supervisory control and data acquisition(SCADA)systems are used by many critical infrastructures including electric power production and distribution,water and waste water treatment,rail transportation,and gas and oil distribution.Originally isolated proprietary systems,SCADA systems are increasingly connected to enterprise networks and the Internet and today use commercial hardware and software.在例(3)~(4)中,名物化結(jié)構(gòu)有implementation of microfabrication,supervisory control and data acquisition,electric power production and dis-tribution,water and waste water treatment,rail transportation,and gas and oil distribution。名物化結(jié)構(gòu)是小句信息有效的概括和濃縮,以最簡潔的語言傳遞最大的信息量,名物化結(jié)構(gòu)比松散的小句更加緊湊,使語篇更加簡潔,能夠擴(kuò)大信息量,使語言表達(dá)更加準(zhǔn)確。因此,在科技英語學(xué)術(shù)論文摘要中,名物化出現(xiàn)的頻率和語篇正式度密切相關(guān),其出現(xiàn)頻率越高,語篇的信息度就越高。
名物化結(jié)構(gòu)在語篇中的銜接功能主要是通過主位(theme)、述位(rheme)連接實現(xiàn)的。系統(tǒng)功能語言學(xué)認(rèn)為主位是句子信息安排的起點,傳遞已知信息,句子除了主位之外剩下的部分是述位,是句子中的新信息。名物化在語篇中作為前一句的總結(jié)、歸納,成為下一句信息的主要組成部分或下一句的主位,對語篇的連貫、銜接具有重要作用。胡壯麟認(rèn)為,通過“主位—述位”實現(xiàn)語篇銜接和連貫[5],有三種最基本的模式:前句主位繼續(xù)發(fā)展成為后句主位,即T1—T2;從前句述位某一部分發(fā)展成一個新的主位,即R1—T2;前句主位和述位共同形成一個新的主位,即T1+R1—T2。如:
(5)Accurate measurement of power can be considered to be a significant part of the design of any microwave or high frequency device,having very important commercial ramifications.Measurement of power is important for the performance of the device to be duplicated at different times and at different instances with repeatable accuracy.
(6)This thesis covers explores previous methods of multiuser communication to stress the need for Cognitive Radio.A cognitive radio refers to a communication system that is able to operate not only in a fixed band but also search for available bands as it adds and removes users in a given bandwidth.The constant demand for spectrum and the supposed lack thereof,has led to the development of more spectral efficient schemes.A cognitive radio can use techniques such as spectrum sensing,in order to make decisions on how spectrum will be distributed.
(7)Stereotactic body radiation therapy(SBRT)is characterized by the use of rigid body immobilizations and treatment courses consisting of relatively few fractions with high doses.This combination can potentially increase the risk of skin injury,and measurements during treatment to verify planned skin dose are necessary.
在例(5)中,“accurate measurement of power”是前句主位,“measurement of power”是后句主位;在例(6)中,“a cognitive radio”既是前句主位,也是后句主位,即主位同一型的T1—T2,實現(xiàn)簡單的語篇連貫與銜接;在例(7)中,“this combination”是前句述位的一部分“body immobilizations and treatment”的名物化,構(gòu)成了后句主位,即R1—T2的語篇銜接模式。名物化結(jié)構(gòu)能夠有效地實現(xiàn)語篇的銜接,其主要是通過主位同一型、述位同一型、延續(xù)型、交叉型等主位推進(jìn)模式來實現(xiàn)的,從而增強(qiáng)語篇的連貫性。名物化能夠增強(qiáng)科技語篇的正式性、簡潔性、客觀性,增加語篇的信息度,有效實現(xiàn)語篇的銜接功能。
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