黃少敏 趙宇
(1.深圳市龍崗區(qū)橫崗人民醫(yī)院骨科,廣東深圳518115;2.中國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院北京協(xié)和醫(yī)學(xué)院北京協(xié)和醫(yī)院骨科,北京100730)
隨著人口老齡化的發(fā)展,骨關(guān)節(jié)炎(osteoarthritis,OA)已成為常見(jiàn)疾病之一,并以膝OA為主。臨床上膝OA常合并腰椎退行性疾病,兩者關(guān)系密切。同時(shí)亦有研究表明,腰椎內(nèi)固定或全膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后,部分患者原有的膝OA或腰椎退行性疾病加重[1]。目前,國(guó)內(nèi)外對(duì)膝OA和腰椎退行性疾病關(guān)系的研究鮮有報(bào)道。本文回顧兩者危險(xiǎn)因素、病理生理機(jī)制、生物力學(xué)機(jī)制的相關(guān)文獻(xiàn),探討兩者的相關(guān)因素,以供臨床醫(yī)師參考。
目前,膝OA的病因尚不明確,但已有大量文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道其發(fā)病與年齡、性別、肥胖、特殊職業(yè)、性激素及遺傳因素等有關(guān)[2-6]。Kalichman等[7]通過(guò)年齡、性別、BMI及CT平掃測(cè)量系數(shù)來(lái)評(píng)價(jià)腰椎退變性疾?。òㄗ甸g隙狹窄、小關(guān)節(jié)炎、退變性腰椎滑脫、腰椎管狹窄等),發(fā)現(xiàn)年齡、性別、肥胖指數(shù)亦和腰椎退變性疾病密切相關(guān)。
年齡是膝OA最大的危險(xiǎn)因素之一,研究報(bào)道年齡>45歲為高危因素,發(fā)病率為19.2%~27.8%,>60歲時(shí)發(fā)病率升為37.0%~50.0%[3]。對(duì)腰椎退變疾病患者的尸體解剖發(fā)現(xiàn),年齡≤45歲時(shí)腰椎小關(guān)節(jié)軟骨只發(fā)生微小變化;>45歲時(shí)關(guān)節(jié)軟骨發(fā)生明顯變化,出現(xiàn)軟骨下硬化和普遍骨質(zhì)增生。Manchikanti等[8]和Fujiwara等[9]的研究也證明,年齡>60歲患者的腰椎退變比例明顯高于≤60歲患者。
膝OA的女性發(fā)病率高于男性,其病變程度也更嚴(yán)重,但其具體機(jī)制尚未明確。性激素在膝OA中所發(fā)揮的作用亦存在爭(zhēng)議[10,11],有臨床隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)結(jié)果示絕經(jīng)期女性是否服用雌孕激素與膝OA無(wú)明顯相關(guān)性,但其他研究顯示服用雌孕激素女性的關(guān)節(jié)置換率降低15%。殷鋼和邱勇[12]認(rèn)為男性或絕經(jīng)后女性可能是腰椎小關(guān)節(jié)OA的好發(fā)因素之一。軟骨是對(duì)雌激素敏感的組織,軟骨細(xì)胞核和細(xì)胞漿內(nèi)有高特異性的雌激素受體,雌激素水平下降可致軟骨退變,絕經(jīng)后女性體內(nèi)雌激素水平降低可能會(huì)加劇軟骨退變。Ha等[13]通過(guò)免疫組化研究發(fā)現(xiàn),腰椎小關(guān)節(jié)軟骨存在雌激素受體,并發(fā)現(xiàn)雌激素受體數(shù)量與腰椎小關(guān)節(jié)OA的嚴(yán)重程度呈正相關(guān)。
肥胖也是膝OA及腰椎退行性疾病的共同危險(xiǎn)因素之一[2,5,14,15]。
Winter等[16]和 Rampersaud 等[17]認(rèn)為腰椎退行性疾病與膝OA同屬退行性肌肉骨骼疾病,發(fā)病機(jī)制相似,由軟骨退變、關(guān)節(jié)間隙狹窄、增生肥大的腰椎小關(guān)節(jié)及肥厚的黃韌帶、退變的椎間盤(pán)共同作用而成。腰椎小關(guān)節(jié)OA和膝OA的主要改變都發(fā)生在關(guān)節(jié)軟骨及軟骨下骨。目前公認(rèn)導(dǎo)致膝關(guān)節(jié)退變的3個(gè)因素:①應(yīng)力因素。正常軟骨所受壓力超出承受范圍或病變軟骨因本身負(fù)荷能力下降致正常機(jī)械負(fù)荷力導(dǎo)致病變軟骨損傷。張繼業(yè)等[18]對(duì)兔模型腰椎小關(guān)節(jié)加載應(yīng)力,發(fā)現(xiàn)應(yīng)力作用時(shí)間越長(zhǎng),小關(guān)節(jié)退變?cè)絿?yán)重。②炎癥因子、生化改變、免疫等因素可導(dǎo)致關(guān)節(jié)軟骨合成分解失平衡,軟骨降解破壞。大量研究表明炎癥細(xì)胞因子是膝OA疼痛的來(lái)源[19-21],炎性細(xì)胞因子IL-1B、IL-6及TNF-α是參與關(guān)節(jié)滑膜炎性病變及軟骨基質(zhì)降解的重要細(xì)胞因子[18,22]。Igarashi等[23,24]發(fā)現(xiàn)腰椎退行性疾病的小關(guān)節(jié)中也存在上述3種因子,且高表達(dá),認(rèn)為炎性細(xì)胞因子與腰椎退變相關(guān)。Pelletier等[25]發(fā)現(xiàn)這些因子高表達(dá)于嚴(yán)重OA及風(fēng)濕性關(guān)節(jié)炎。這些炎癥細(xì)胞因子又能誘導(dǎo)軟骨及滑膜產(chǎn)生其他炎性細(xì)胞因子和介質(zhì),如IL-6、IL-8、基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶、白細(xì)胞抑制因子、PGE2,但這些因子和介質(zhì)的表達(dá)強(qiáng)度與OA的嚴(yán)重程度并不平行。OA退變軟骨中的細(xì)胞因子是OA病變的原因還是病變進(jìn)展的結(jié)果尚須進(jìn)一步研究。③滑膜關(guān)節(jié)囊病變。增生滑膜產(chǎn)生蛋白酶及炎癥因子,炎癥因子又可引起抗原免疫反應(yīng),兩者均可導(dǎo)致關(guān)節(jié)軟骨破壞[26-29]。近年來(lái),針對(duì)腰椎退行性疾病中小關(guān)節(jié)滑膜的研究較少,研究發(fā)現(xiàn)小關(guān)節(jié)滑膜也存在色素絨毛結(jié)節(jié)性滑膜炎,可引起腰椎退行性疾病的加重及復(fù)發(fā)[30]。另外,F(xiàn)ujiwara等[9]認(rèn)為小關(guān)節(jié)關(guān)節(jié)囊中也含有雌激素受體,可能與膝OA的發(fā)生存在相關(guān)性。
膝OA的發(fā)病機(jī)制包括下肢力線改變、半月板組織缺失、軟骨損傷及關(guān)節(jié)不穩(wěn)。在生物力學(xué)方面,下肢力線改變及關(guān)節(jié)不穩(wěn)與腰椎退行性疾病密切相關(guān)。
下肢力線改變與膝OA的進(jìn)展密切相關(guān)[31],Obeid等[32]提出膝關(guān)節(jié)屈曲代償是除脊柱—骨盆平衡系統(tǒng)以外在矢狀線平衡的又一補(bǔ)充,通過(guò)運(yùn)用脊柱骨盆參數(shù)、膝關(guān)節(jié)屈曲角度、腰椎前凸角度的計(jì)算公式,證明膝關(guān)節(jié)屈曲是腰椎前凸角度減小的代償。Murata等[33]對(duì)膝OA患者行腰椎側(cè)位X線片檢查,并測(cè)量其膝關(guān)節(jié)伸直受限角度及腰椎前凸Cobb角,發(fā)現(xiàn)屈曲攣縮患者的腰椎前凸Cobb角<30°,甚至更小。腰椎手術(shù)及人工膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后患者出現(xiàn)膝、腰癥狀加重,人工膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)前膝關(guān)節(jié)屈曲攣縮畸形,術(shù)后矯正屈曲攣縮,腰椎代償性生理曲度變大,相當(dāng)于腰部后伸,椎管容積變小致椎管狹窄,加重腰部癥狀。姜軍等[34]和黃健等[35]通過(guò)對(duì)膝關(guān)節(jié)置換前后腰椎前凸Cobb角的對(duì)比發(fā)現(xiàn),隨著膝關(guān)節(jié)的屈曲攣縮加重,腰椎前凸也隨之加重,從而推測(cè)膝關(guān)節(jié)屈曲掩蓋了腰椎退行性疾病的癥狀,當(dāng)膝關(guān)節(jié)置換矯正力線后,腰椎前凸代償消失,腰椎管容積相對(duì)減小,可能出現(xiàn)腰椎癥狀或原有癥狀加重。上述兩種對(duì)立的觀點(diǎn)尚未達(dá)成共識(shí),仍需進(jìn)一步研究。
膝關(guān)節(jié)穩(wěn)定性主要依靠交叉韌帶及神經(jīng)肌肉力量維持,其中主要以股四頭肌為主。股四頭肌力量減弱導(dǎo)致膝關(guān)節(jié)穩(wěn)定性下降,加重關(guān)節(jié)軟骨磨損,從而導(dǎo)致膝OA的發(fā)生和發(fā)展,特別是髕股關(guān)節(jié)軟骨退變[36]。Rehan等[37]研究表明,切斷交叉韌帶及股四頭肌內(nèi)注射內(nèi)毒桿菌毒素可獲得關(guān)節(jié)炎動(dòng)物模型,而股四頭肌的神經(jīng)支配主要來(lái)自上腰椎發(fā)出的L2、L3、L4神經(jīng),當(dāng)上腰椎退行性變時(shí),椎間盤(pán)突出或神經(jīng)根管狹窄會(huì)壓迫股神經(jīng),導(dǎo)致股四頭肌力量減弱,從而影響膝關(guān)節(jié)的穩(wěn)定性[34]。腰椎退行性疾病與膝關(guān)節(jié)退變密不可分。
綜上所述,膝OA與腰椎退行性疾病在年齡、性別、雌激素,應(yīng)力、炎癥因子、滑膜,力線改變、關(guān)節(jié)不穩(wěn)等方面都存在一定相關(guān)性,兩者相互作用。深入全面了解兩者的關(guān)系必將對(duì)臨床及科研提供巨大幫助。
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