左偉 綜述 吳志宏 邱貴興 審校
(中國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院北京協(xié)和醫(yī)學(xué)院北京協(xié)和醫(yī)院骨科,北京100730)
骨關(guān)節(jié)炎(osteoarthritis,OA)是一種嚴(yán)重危害人類健康的慢性進(jìn)行性骨關(guān)節(jié)疾病,是導(dǎo)致患者疼痛和失去勞動(dòng)能力的常見原因之一[1]。超過60歲人群中37%以上患有OA[2]7年,因OA行膝關(guān)節(jié)置換的患者占膝關(guān)節(jié)置換總?cè)藬?shù)的97%,因OA行髖關(guān)節(jié)置換的患者占髖關(guān)節(jié)置換總?cè)藬?shù)的83%[3]。OA的病因尚不明確,目前主要認(rèn)為是由軟骨的合成代謝與分解代謝失衡所致[4-6],OA的發(fā)生可能是多因素作用的結(jié)果,包括遺傳因素、年齡、性別(女性)、創(chuàng)傷、肥胖等[7]。越來越多的證據(jù)表明肥胖與OA的發(fā)生密切相關(guān)[8-10]。傳統(tǒng)觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為,一些承重關(guān)節(jié),特別是膝、髖關(guān)節(jié)發(fā)生OA是由肥胖引起的關(guān)節(jié)負(fù)荷增加所致[11],且研究發(fā)現(xiàn)OA患者減肥后癥狀會(huì)得到明顯緩解[12,13]。但臨床研究發(fā)現(xiàn),除負(fù)重關(guān)節(jié)外,非負(fù)重關(guān)節(jié)如手指間關(guān)節(jié)發(fā)生OA也與肥胖呈正相關(guān)[14,15];此外還發(fā)現(xiàn),與體重減少相比,體脂減少與OA癥狀改善的關(guān)系更為緊密[16]。眾多研究者將目光集中到長(zhǎng)期以來被認(rèn)為是惰性組織的脂肪。
近年來研究發(fā)現(xiàn),脂肪組織不僅是一個(gè)儲(chǔ)備能量的器官,同時(shí)也是一個(gè)具有多種內(nèi)分泌、自分泌和旁分泌功能的重要內(nèi)分泌器官,參與全身穩(wěn)態(tài)的調(diào)節(jié)。通過分泌多種激素信號(hào)調(diào)節(jié)分子,脂肪組織與中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)、免疫系統(tǒng)及其他內(nèi)分泌器官保持密切聯(lián)系[17]。除白細(xì)胞介素-1(interleukin-1,IL-1)和腫瘤壞死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)等炎性因子,脂肪細(xì)胞還能合成分泌一種叫脂肪因子的生物活性蛋白。目前發(fā)現(xiàn)的脂肪因子有數(shù)十種,主要包括瘦素、脂聯(lián)素、內(nèi)脂素、抵抗素等[18]。脂肪因子具有多種功能,目前認(rèn)為其參與了食物攝取、糖脂代謝、能量調(diào)節(jié)、胰島素敏感性、骨形成和血管形成等生理過程,并與炎癥、癌癥、2型糖尿病、心血管疾病以及自身免疫性疾病密切相關(guān)[19,20]。脂聯(lián)素是血漿中含量最豐富的脂肪因子,約占循環(huán)血總血漿蛋白的0.01%,并且是至今發(fā)現(xiàn)的唯一與肥胖呈負(fù)相關(guān)的脂肪細(xì)胞特異性蛋白[21,22]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),脂聯(lián)素參與多種生理和病理過程,如心血管疾病、2型糖尿病、代謝綜合征等[19],與OA的關(guān)系也日益得到骨科學(xué)者們的重視。
脂聯(lián)素也稱為acrp30,是Scherer等[23]發(fā)現(xiàn)的一種脂肪因子,主要由白色脂肪組織分泌,與膠原蛋白Ⅹ和Ⅷ、補(bǔ)體C1q及TNF-α在結(jié)構(gòu)上同源,其基因定位于3q27,長(zhǎng)16 kb,由3個(gè)外顯子和2個(gè)內(nèi)含子組成,翻譯產(chǎn)物是一種分子量為28 kDa的蛋白質(zhì),其一級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)為244個(gè)氨基酸,包含一個(gè)N端信號(hào)序列、一個(gè)可變結(jié)構(gòu)域、一個(gè)膠原樣結(jié)構(gòu)域(尾)和一個(gè)C端球狀結(jié)構(gòu)域(頭),其中N端信號(hào)序列由18個(gè)氨基酸組成,可變結(jié)構(gòu)域由24個(gè)氨基酸組成,膠原樣結(jié)構(gòu)域(重復(fù)膠原蛋白序列)由65個(gè)糖基化或羥基化的氨基酸組成,C端球狀結(jié)構(gòu)域由137個(gè)氨基酸組成[23,24]。脂聯(lián)素翻譯后經(jīng)羥基化和糖基化修飾,通過球狀結(jié)構(gòu)域和膠原樣結(jié)構(gòu)域生成3個(gè)多聚體形式:低分子量(LMW)的三聚體,中分子量(MMW)的六聚體和由12個(gè)及更多單體組成的高分子量(HMW)多聚體[25]。脂聯(lián)素各亞型在循環(huán)中穩(wěn)定,半衰期>15 h,在體內(nèi)不被明顯降解或轉(zhuǎn)化,血中無法常規(guī)檢測(cè)到其單體,但可以測(cè)出其濃度很低的球狀域的小片段[26,27]。
脂聯(lián)素主要通過其受體發(fā)揮作用,人脂聯(lián)素受體Adipo R1和Adipo R2由Yamauchi等[28]發(fā)現(xiàn),Adipo Rl基因定位于染色體lp36.13~q41和1FA,Adipo R2基因定位于染色體12p13.31和6F1,Adipo Rl和Adipo R2的結(jié)構(gòu)高度相關(guān),有66.7%的同源性。人的Adipo R1和Adipo R2均已克隆成功,研究發(fā)現(xiàn)它們對(duì)循環(huán)血中不同形式的脂聯(lián)素親和力有所不同:Adipo R1對(duì)球狀域脂聯(lián)素有較高的親和力,但對(duì)全長(zhǎng)脂聯(lián)素的親和力較低,Adipo R2對(duì)兩種形式脂聯(lián)素的親和力均為中等。多種組織表達(dá)脂聯(lián)素受體,骨骼肌表達(dá)豐富的Adipo R1,內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞和其他組織中也有表達(dá);Adipo R2則主要在肝臟中表達(dá)[29]。Adipo R1和Adipo R2均為完整的膜蛋白,N末端在胞內(nèi),C末端在胞外,由Adipo R1和Adipo R2轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)的信號(hào)涉及AMPK/p38/IKKaβ、核轉(zhuǎn)錄因子-κB(nuclear factor-kappa B,NF-κB)、過氧化物酶體增殖體激活受體(peroxisome proliferator activated receptors,PPAR)-α、PPAR-γ等信號(hào)通路的激活,特異性阻斷Adipo R1和Adipo R2后,脂聯(lián)素作用終止[30]。
近期研究發(fā)現(xiàn),OA患者的脂肪組織和滑膜成纖維細(xì)胞能分泌脂聯(lián)素,OA患者的軟骨、骨、滑膜成纖維細(xì)胞也能表達(dá)脂聯(lián)素受體[31]。脂聯(lián)素之所以被認(rèn)為參與了OA的發(fā)展,主要是基于以下幾點(diǎn):①OA患者血清中脂聯(lián)素水平明顯高于正常人,且和軟骨的退變呈正相關(guān)[32];②女性侵蝕性手OA患者血清中的脂聯(lián)素水平明顯高于非侵蝕性的手OA患者,提示脂聯(lián)素可能和軟骨的破壞有關(guān)[33]。目前關(guān)于脂聯(lián)素在OA發(fā)病中的作用尚存較大爭(zhēng)議。Chen等[34]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)人軟骨細(xì)胞、骨和滑膜組織能表達(dá)Adipo R1,但幾乎不表達(dá)Adipo R2,脂聯(lián)素刺激軟骨細(xì)胞能上調(diào)OA患者軟骨細(xì)胞金屬蛋白酶組織抑制因子(tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1,TIMP)-2的表達(dá),并且能下調(diào)由IL-1β引起的基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶(matrix metalloproteinases,MMP)-13的分泌;lee等[35]發(fā)現(xiàn)膠原誘導(dǎo)性關(guān)節(jié)炎小鼠模型給以脂聯(lián)素能降低小鼠關(guān)節(jié)TNF-α、IL-1、MMP-3的表達(dá),減輕關(guān)節(jié)的炎癥程度;Uchida等[36]發(fā)現(xiàn)原發(fā)性O(shè)A模型STR/Ot血清中脂聯(lián)素水平明顯低于正常對(duì)照組。上述觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為脂聯(lián)素對(duì)OA可能是一種保護(hù)作用。但更多學(xué)者得出相反的結(jié)論,Lago等[37]研究表明,軟骨組織和軟骨細(xì)胞既表達(dá)Adipo R1,也表達(dá)Adipo R2,脂聯(lián)素刺激小鼠軟骨細(xì)胞系A(chǔ)TDC5細(xì)胞、人軟骨細(xì)胞能促進(jìn)一氧化氮合酶的生成,也能通過磷酯酰肌醇3激酶(phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase,PI3K)促進(jìn)IL-6、MMP-3、MMP-9和單核細(xì)胞趨化蛋白(monocyte chemoattractant protein,MCP)-1的分泌;Ehing等[38]研究表明,用脂聯(lián)素刺激培養(yǎng)的人關(guān)節(jié)滑膜成纖維細(xì)胞能通過p38MAPK信號(hào)通路誘導(dǎo)IL-6和MMP-1的表達(dá);Choi等[39]發(fā)現(xiàn)脂聯(lián)素能通過刺激滑膜成纖維細(xì)胞釋放血管內(nèi)皮生長(zhǎng)因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)、MMP-1、MMP-13等促進(jìn)關(guān)節(jié)軟骨的破壞,Koskinen等[40]發(fā)現(xiàn)重度OA患者(Ahlback分級(jí)4,5級(jí))與輕度OA患者(Ahlback分級(jí)1,2級(jí))相比,血清中脂聯(lián)素濃度和軟骨釋放出的脂聯(lián)素濃度較高,血清中脂聯(lián)素濃度與OA的軟骨降解生物學(xué)標(biāo)記物軟骨寡聚基質(zhì)蛋白(cartilage oligomeric matrix protein,COMP)和MMP-3呈正相關(guān);在軟骨細(xì)胞體外培養(yǎng)中,脂聯(lián)素與一氧化氮(nitric oxide,NO)、IL-6和MMP-3的釋放量呈正相關(guān),當(dāng)軟骨細(xì)胞給以脂聯(lián)素刺激時(shí),NO、MMP-1、MMP-3、MMP-13的表達(dá)水平與非刺激組相比明顯上調(diào),而TIMP-1的表達(dá)不受影響,說明脂聯(lián)素可能具有前炎癥因子的作用。
Kang等[41]發(fā)現(xiàn)OA患者關(guān)節(jié)液中的脂聯(lián)素水平和蛋白多糖的降解產(chǎn)物呈正相關(guān),與Hao等[42]的研究結(jié)果類似,脂聯(lián)素刺激軟骨細(xì)胞,產(chǎn)生更多的是一些炎性因子或是促進(jìn)軟骨降解的化合物,這和Chen等[34]的結(jié)果正好相反。結(jié)果的不同可能因?yàn)閷?shí)驗(yàn)條件不同:①軟骨細(xì)胞來源不同,Chen等實(shí)驗(yàn)用的軟骨細(xì)胞來源于不同病變程度的OA膝關(guān)節(jié),選用的細(xì)胞為第3~7代,而Kang等選用的組織來源于K-L分級(jí)3~4級(jí)的患者,實(shí)驗(yàn)用的細(xì)胞是原代細(xì)胞,而軟骨細(xì)胞在不同培養(yǎng)環(huán)境和不同細(xì)胞代次的生物學(xué)行為不同[43]。②脂聯(lián)素的形式不同,正常人外周血循環(huán)中脂聯(lián)素有3種形式:LMW、MMW和HMW,每種形式脂聯(lián)素的生物學(xué)效應(yīng)也有較大差別,HMW脂聯(lián)素認(rèn)為具有前炎性因子的作用[44,45],而LMW脂聯(lián)素對(duì)人白細(xì)胞和單核細(xì)胞具有抑制炎性因子釋放的作用[46,47]。Kang等使用的脂聯(lián)素是從HEK293細(xì)胞來源的全長(zhǎng)型脂聯(lián)素,大部分為HMW或MMW[48],這和關(guān)節(jié)液中脂聯(lián)素的分布情況類似[34],而大腸桿菌來源的全長(zhǎng)型脂聯(lián)素缺乏HMW形式[48]。③脂聯(lián)素的來源不同,即使是同一形式的脂聯(lián)素,來源不同,所發(fā)揮的生物學(xué)效應(yīng)也可能不同,來源于哺乳動(dòng)物的脂聯(lián)素可能比來源于細(xì)菌的脂聯(lián)素具有更強(qiáng)的生物學(xué)活性[48,49]。Chen等[34]實(shí)驗(yàn)中使用的脂聯(lián)素是細(xì)菌來源,因而脂聯(lián)素的炎性效應(yīng)可能還未完全表現(xiàn)出來。脂聯(lián)素主要是通過其受體Adipo R1和Adipo R2來發(fā)揮作用,受體下游的信號(hào)通路也有所不同,受體Adipo R1主要通過MAPK信號(hào)通路來發(fā)揮作用,而受體Adipo R2主要是通過PPAR-α來發(fā)揮作用,chen等[34]認(rèn)為軟骨細(xì)胞只表達(dá)受體Adipo R1,后來研究者發(fā)現(xiàn)軟骨細(xì)胞表面不僅表達(dá)受體Adipo R1,還表達(dá)受體Adipo R2[37,41],Kang等[41]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),OA患者軟骨損傷區(qū)的Adipo R1和Adipo R2表達(dá)明顯強(qiáng)于非損傷區(qū),即使是同一患者,不同部位軟骨細(xì)胞的生物學(xué)效應(yīng)也可能不一樣。
一般認(rèn)為血中脂聯(lián)素水平與體質(zhì)指數(shù)(body mass index,BMI),特別是內(nèi)臟脂肪量呈負(fù)相關(guān)[50]。但目前有關(guān)OA和類風(fēng)濕性關(guān)節(jié)炎患者的臨床研究發(fā)現(xiàn),脂聯(lián)素水平和BMI在OA患者中并沒有相關(guān)性[40,51,52],Hao等[42]的研究也發(fā)現(xiàn),OA患者血清中的脂聯(lián)素水平和BMI并不相關(guān)。這可能是因?yàn)檠h(huán)中脂聯(lián)素水平受多種因素的調(diào)節(jié),如激素水平、營(yíng)養(yǎng)狀態(tài)、藥物作用等,且除白色脂肪外,其他組織也能夠合成和分泌脂聯(lián)素[50],也可能OA本身比BMI更能影響血中脂聯(lián)素水平[40]。
關(guān)于OA患者血清中脂聯(lián)素水平明顯高于正常人[32],也有人提出相反的結(jié)論,Honsawek和Chayanupatkul[53]發(fā)現(xiàn)在K-L分級(jí)晚期的OA患者中脂聯(lián)素水平反而低于分級(jí)較輕的患者,考慮到性別、年齡和BMI等因素后,外周血脂聯(lián)素水平和病變程度無相關(guān)性,但關(guān)節(jié)液脂聯(lián)素水平差異仍具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。Yusuf等[54]報(bào)道在6年隨訪中發(fā)現(xiàn)高水平脂聯(lián)素能降低影像學(xué)上手OA進(jìn)展的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),這與當(dāng)前大部分研究結(jié)果不同,可能是因?yàn)橹?lián)素檢測(cè)方法不同,或是患者入選標(biāo)準(zhǔn)及研究方法不同,或是因?yàn)槭諳A和膝關(guān)節(jié)OA的病理過程不一致等原因引起。
目前,脂聯(lián)素在OA中的作用還存在較大爭(zhēng)議,有些觀點(diǎn)甚至相反。不過大部分研究認(rèn)為OA的發(fā)生與脂聯(lián)素水平密切相關(guān),其具體機(jī)制有待進(jìn)一步研究。
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