六大運(yùn)動(dòng)起源考

by Mavrick

Have you ever wondered where you favorite sport came from and how people actually came to play it? How did the rules develop? This list presents some of the most popular sports around the world and how they came to be.

你有沒(méi)有想過(guò)你最喜歡的運(yùn)動(dòng)是怎么產(chǎn)生的呢？人們?cè)鯓娱_始這種運(yùn)動(dòng)的呢？它的規(guī)則又是怎樣演變的呢？以下列出了一些世界各地最熱門的運(yùn)動(dòng)及其歷史。

Volleyball排球

The sport originated[起源] in the United States in 1895, when William G. Morgan, an instructor at the Holyoke YMCA注1, Massachusetts, decided to create an indoor game for his students. He wanted to create a team sport more suitable for older members of the YMCA but one that still required athletic skill.

Morgan decided to combine elements of basketball, handball, tennis and baseball. The volleyball net had its origin in tennis, but was raised six feet and six inches from the floor. The sport was first called Mintonette, but was changed to volleyball when a spectator[觀眾] told Morgan that the players seemed to be “volleying[截?fù)鬩” the ball back and forth[來(lái)回地]. In 1900, the rules were modified[修改] and published by the YMCA, with the match set to 21 points and the net raised to an official height of seven feet six inches.

這項(xiàng)運(yùn)動(dòng)起源于美國(guó)。1895年，（美國(guó)）馬薩諸塞州霍利奧克基督教青年會(huì)（YMCA）的講師威廉·G·摩根決定為他的學(xué)生創(chuàng)造一種室內(nèi)運(yùn)動(dòng)。他想創(chuàng)造一種適合年長(zhǎng)成員的團(tuán)隊(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)，但這種運(yùn)動(dòng)仍然需要一定的運(yùn)動(dòng)技巧。

摩根決定把籃球、手球、網(wǎng)球和棒球等元素結(jié)合起來(lái)。排球所用的網(wǎng)取自網(wǎng)球，只是離地高度升高到六英尺六英寸（1.98米）。這項(xiàng)運(yùn)動(dòng)最初名為“Mintonette（小網(wǎng)子）”，后來(lái)有一個(gè)看球的人對(duì)摩根說(shuō)，球員們好像是在來(lái)回地“截?fù)簦╲olley）”球，于是改名為“volleyball”。1900年，基督教青年會(huì)修改并頒布了排球的規(guī)則，將比分定為21分，并把球網(wǎng)的高度正式提高到七英尺六英寸（2.28米）。

Boxing拳擊

Boxing is one of the oldest contact sports[身體接觸項(xiàng)目]. Archaeologists[考古學(xué)家] have found evidence that the sport might have existed in the ancient Greek, Egyptian and Mesopotamian civilizations from 3000-1500 B.C. However, ancient boxing was very different from its modern version, as boxers did not use gloves or protective headgear[盔，帽] then, nor was the fight divided into several rounds. Boxing was so popular back then that it became an Olympic sport around 688 B.C.

Modern boxing originated in England around the 17th century. The first documented[用文件證明] boxing match took place in 1681.

In 1743, rules were introduced to prevent deaths in the ring. In 1867, John Chambers devised[設(shè)計(jì)，發(fā)明] the rules for an amateur[業(yè)余的] championship[錦標(biāo)賽] held in London. Since then, these rules have governed the modern sport of boxing.

拳擊是最古老的身體接觸運(yùn)動(dòng)之一?？脊艑W(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)的證據(jù)顯示，早在公元前3000-1500年的古希臘、埃及和美索不達(dá)米亞文明，這種運(yùn)動(dòng)可能已經(jīng)存在。不過(guò)，古代的拳擊與其現(xiàn)代版本有很大不同——古代拳擊手不使用手套和頭盔，比賽也不是分回合進(jìn)行。那時(shí)的拳擊太受歡迎了，在公元前688年左右，該項(xiàng)運(yùn)動(dòng)成為奧運(yùn)會(huì)的比賽項(xiàng)目。

現(xiàn)代拳擊起源于17世紀(jì)的英國(guó)。有記載的首次拳擊比賽發(fā)生在1681年。

1743年，人們引入規(guī)則，以防運(yùn)動(dòng)員在拳擊臺(tái)上喪命。1867年，約翰·錢伯斯為一場(chǎng)在倫敦舉行的業(yè)余錦標(biāo)賽制定了規(guī)則。從那時(shí)起，這些規(guī)則便一直是現(xiàn)代拳擊運(yùn)動(dòng)的規(guī)范。

Bowling保齡球

Archaeologists have found remains of bowling balls and pins[（保齡球的）木瓶] in ancient Egyptian graves dating back to 3200 B.C. The first written record of bowling was in 1366 when King Edward III of England banned the game as his soldiers were neglecting[疏忽] their military[軍事的] training over this game.

The game was popular in Europe and was introduced to America by the early settlers. Although the game appealed to[有吸引力] many in America, it was only in 1887, when A.G. Spalding came up with the rules for the modern game. By late 19th century, bowling clubs began sprouting up all over America, a trend which has continued to this day.

考古學(xué)家在遠(yuǎn)至公元前3200年的古埃及墓穴中發(fā)現(xiàn)了保齡球和保齡球瓶的遺跡。有關(guān)保齡球的最早文字記錄出現(xiàn)在1366年，當(dāng)時(shí)的英格蘭國(guó)王愛德華三世下令禁止這種游戲，因?yàn)樗氖勘硇挠诒｝g球，無(wú)心應(yīng)對(duì)軍事訓(xùn)練。

這種游戲在歐洲很受歡迎，后來(lái)由早期的定居者引入美國(guó)。雖然保齡球受到許多美國(guó)人的喜愛，但直到1887年，A·G·斯波爾丁才提出了現(xiàn)代保齡球的賽規(guī)。到了19世紀(jì)后期，保齡球俱樂(lè)部開始在全美國(guó)如雨后春筍般地建立起來(lái)，這種熱潮一直延續(xù)至今。

Basketball籃球

Dr. James Naismith, a Canadian who was teaching at Springfield College in Massachusetts, needed to come up with a game to entertain the schools rugby[英式橄欖球] and football players during the winter months. So he grabbed a peach basket he found in the janitors[看門人] closet of the school and hung it on a railing[扶手] about ten feet from the floor. Every time the players made a shot[投射] though, they had to take down the basket and grab the ball, which became really annoying. Dr. Naismith decided to cut a hole in the basket so the ball would go straight through without them having to dig it out all the time.

The sport was an instant[立即的] success and the popularity of this new game quickly grew. Although Naismith never saw the game develop into the spectacular game we know these days, he had the honor to witness basketball become an Olympic sport at the 1936 Games held in Berlin.

在（美國(guó)）馬薩諸塞州斯普林菲爾德學(xué)院教書的加拿大人詹姆斯·奈史密斯博士需要想出一種游戲，在冬季給本校的英式橄欖球和足球運(yùn)動(dòng)員助興。他在學(xué)校門衛(wèi)的衣柜里發(fā)現(xiàn)了一個(gè)用來(lái)裝桃的籃子，于是將它掛在離地約10英尺（3米）的扶手上?？墒敲慨?dāng)球員們投中了籃子，都不得不把籃子取下來(lái)才能撿到球，非常麻煩。于是奈史密斯博士決定在籃子底部開一個(gè)洞，讓球直接穿過(guò)籃子掉下來(lái)，這就不用總是伸手去掏籃子了。

這種運(yùn)動(dòng)馬上大受歡迎，迅速風(fēng)靡起來(lái)。雖然奈史密斯無(wú)法看到籃球發(fā)展成今天這種熱鬧景象，但他還是榮幸地看到它成為1936年柏林奧運(yùn)會(huì)的比賽項(xiàng)目。

Tennis網(wǎng)球

Tennis originated from a French court game called paume (palm). Played in the 12th century, the game initially involved hitting the ball with ones palms, until later when rackets[球拍] were developed. The sport gained popularity in France and England, where it was played by the aristocrats[貴族] who in turn appealed to the masses by constructing public playing areas.

In 1869, Walter Wingfield, a British army officer, invented the game of Sphairistike, which was the direct predecessor[原有事物] of the modern game of lawn tennis. By 1873, Wingfield began marketing the game together with the racket and rubber balls to the general public, which quickly caught on its appeal.

網(wǎng)球起源于法國(guó)一種叫做“paume（掌）”的庭院游戲。公元12世紀(jì)，這種游戲最初的玩法是用手掌擊球，后來(lái)才有了球拍。這種運(yùn)動(dòng)在法國(guó)和英國(guó)逐漸流行起來(lái)，起先只是貴族們?cè)谕妫髞?lái)因?yàn)橘F族們修建了公共球場(chǎng)，漸漸吸引了平民百姓的參與。

1869年，英國(guó)軍官沃爾特·溫菲爾德發(fā)明了“司法泰克”運(yùn)動(dòng)，這就是現(xiàn)代草地網(wǎng)球的前身。到了1873年，溫菲爾德開始向普羅大眾推銷這種運(yùn)動(dòng)以及球拍和橡膠球，迅速受到人們的歡迎。

Football足球

Some say football was first played by the Aztecs注2 in pre-Columbian Mesoamerica注3, but a more direct (and FIFA注4 recognized) origin comes from a game called Cuju (meaning “kick ball”) was played in ancient China. The ball was made of panels[嵌板] of leather sewn[縫合] together and inflated[使膨脹](méi) with hair and other soft fillings rather than air.

It was in England where the modern game was institutionalized[使制度化] and popularized. According to English records, in 1815 at Eton College, the rules of the modern game were first introduced. In 1863, the English Football Association was established to define the rules and manage other aspects[方面] of the game.

有人說(shuō)歷史上最早開始踢足球的是在哥倫布發(fā)現(xiàn)美洲大陸以前的中美洲阿茲特克人。但足球更直接（且得到國(guó)際足聯(lián)認(rèn)可）的起源是中國(guó)古代一種叫做“蹴鞠（意為“踢球”）”的游戲。當(dāng)時(shí)所用的球用一塊塊皮革縫合而成，里面填充的是頭發(fā)和其他柔軟物料，而不是充氣。

現(xiàn)代足球比賽制度則是在英格蘭建立并得到推廣。據(jù)英國(guó)資料記載，1815年，伊頓公學(xué)首次引入現(xiàn)代足球賽規(guī)。1863年，英格蘭足球總會(huì)成立，目的是制定足球規(guī)則和管理這項(xiàng)運(yùn)動(dòng)的其他相關(guān)事務(wù)。

注2：一個(gè)從14世紀(jì)延續(xù)至16世紀(jì)的墨西哥古文明。

注3：從墨西哥中部向南向東延伸，包括危地馬拉、伯利茲、洪都拉斯及尼加拉瓜在內(nèi)的地區(qū)。在哥倫布以前的時(shí)代，這里曾存在過(guò)各種文明，包括瑪雅文化及奧爾梅克文化。

注4：國(guó)際足球聯(lián)合會(huì)（International Federation of Association Football）的英文縮寫。