張曉毅, 鄒 練, 劉德忠, 高 翔, 孫 博, 趙國華, 孫家各
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尿肌氨酸水平對前列腺癌診斷及預(yù)后判斷的應(yīng)用價(jià)值
張曉毅*, 鄒 練, 劉德忠, 高 翔, 孫 博, 趙國華, 孫家各
(中國人民解放軍第二炮兵總醫(yī)院泌尿外科, 北京 100088)
探討尿肌氨酸水平對前列腺癌(PCa)的診斷和病情判斷方面的應(yīng)用價(jià)值。選取我院泌尿外科住院的經(jīng)前列腺穿刺活檢確診的PCa患者16例,年齡65~89(68.4±10.2)歲。采集PCa患者的血標(biāo)本和尿標(biāo)本,然后用同位素稀釋液相色譜質(zhì)譜法檢測其血、尿肌氨酸水平,電化學(xué)發(fā)光法檢測血清前列腺特異抗原(PSA)水平,并根據(jù)其Gleason評分及是否骨轉(zhuǎn)移進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析。PCa伴有骨轉(zhuǎn)移患者(=9)與無轉(zhuǎn)移患者(=7)血清總前列腺持異抗原(TPSA)水平含量差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義[(203.95±169.68)(35.53±35.77)μg/L,<0.05],而游離前列腺持異抗原(fPSA)水平在兩組間差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義[(14.41±11.84)(3.92±4.15)μg/L]。PCa伴有骨轉(zhuǎn)移患者的尿液中肌氨酸含量明顯高于不伴發(fā)骨轉(zhuǎn)移患者[(1277.67±432.78)(494.71±211.35)μg/L,=0.018]。按照PCa病理結(jié)果分級,血肌氨酸水平在各個(gè)Gleason評分組中差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義;而尿肌氨酸含量差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(<0.015),且Gleason評分越高,尿液中肌氨酸含量也越高。PCa患者的尿肌氨酸水平與Gleason評分及是否骨轉(zhuǎn)移具有相關(guān)性,且組間差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(<0.05)。尿肌氨酸有可能成為用于診斷PCa的腫瘤標(biāo)志物,并具有一定的判斷病情的應(yīng)用價(jià)值。
前列腺癌; 尿肌氨酸; 質(zhì)譜分析法
在前列腺癌(prostate cancer,PCa)的早期篩查與診斷中,前列腺特異抗原(prostate specific antigen,PSA)是近年來應(yīng)用最為廣泛的腫瘤標(biāo)志物,但其檢測結(jié)果有假陽性及假陰性可能。為了提高PCa的診斷水平,人們一直在尋找一種靈敏度和特異度高、安全便捷的標(biāo)志物。肌氨酸為人體內(nèi)一種微量的非必需氨基酸,有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道其廣泛存在于PCa組織細(xì)胞及尿液中,本研究擬論證尿肌氨酸與PCa的關(guān)系。
選取2009年5月至2011年5月在中國人民解放軍第二炮兵總醫(yī)院泌尿外科住院的經(jīng)前列腺穿刺活檢確診的PCa患者16例,年齡65~89(68.4±10.25)歲。取患者血標(biāo)本、尿標(biāo)本(晨尿、中段尿),血樣經(jīng)分離血漿后-40℃冰凍保存,尿液直接-40℃冰凍保存待檢。所有標(biāo)本均在穿刺前收集完成,并且滿足試劑盒樣本數(shù)后立即進(jìn)行檢測。
3200QTRAP型液相色譜-串聯(lián)質(zhì)譜儀,配有電噴霧離子化源(ESI)以及Analyst 1.4.2數(shù)據(jù)處理軟件,美國Applied Biosystem公司;UltiMate 3000標(biāo)準(zhǔn)型液相色譜儀,美國戴安公司;氮吹濃縮儀,日本東京理化器械株式會社;iTRAQ試劑盒(200人份),批號:0709002,美國Applied Biosystem公司,包括400μmol/L正異亮氨酸的10%磺基水楊酸溶液、標(biāo)記緩沖液(0.45mol/L硼酸鹽緩沖液,pH8.5含有20μmol/L正纈氨酸)、115-iTRAQ衍生化試劑(15人份/瓶,每瓶用70μl異丙醇稀釋后使用)、1.2%羥胺水溶液、iTRAQ-114同位素標(biāo)記的44種氨基酸內(nèi)標(biāo)。
由我院檢驗(yàn)科常規(guī)檢測所有患者總前列腺特異抗原(total prostate specific antigen,TPSA)及游離PSA(free prostate specific antigen,fPSA),按Cavaliere等[1]介紹的方法檢測所有患者尿標(biāo)本的肌氨酸含量。
采用SPSS17.0軟件對所獲得的數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,用及one-way ANOVA檢驗(yàn)進(jìn)行各組之間均數(shù)比較。以<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
按照PCa是否伴有骨轉(zhuǎn)移進(jìn)行分組,有轉(zhuǎn)移組(=9)與無轉(zhuǎn)移組(=7)血清TPSA水平差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義[(203.95±169.68)(35.53±35.77)μg/L,<0.05],而fPSA水平差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義[(14.41±11.84)(3.92±4.15)μg/L]。PCa分期越晚,TPSA水平越高,而fPSA水平差異不大。
如表1所示,按照PCa病理結(jié)果分級,各個(gè)Gleason評分/分化程度中,血肌氨酸水平在各個(gè)Gleason評分組中差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義;尿肌氨酸含量差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(<0.05),且Gleason評分越高(分化程度越低、惡性程度越高),尿液中肌氨酸含量也越高。
表1 前列腺癌患者肌氨酸水平與PCa臨床病理Gleason評分的關(guān)系
Compared mutually between groups,*<0.05
PCa伴有骨轉(zhuǎn)移患者(=9)的尿液中肌氨酸含量明顯高于不伴發(fā)骨轉(zhuǎn)移患者[=7,(1277.67±432.78)(494.71±211.35)μg/L,=0.018]。PCa患者的尿肌氨酸水平與骨轉(zhuǎn)移具有明確的相關(guān)性。
血清PSA是前列腺上皮分泌的一種蛋白酶,以兩種形式存在:結(jié)合形式和非結(jié)合形式(即fPSA,占TPSA的10%~30%),其水平受多種因素的影響[2]。有資料顯示血清PSA檢測對PCa的檢測具有明顯的局限性,PSA在4μg/L時(shí),其假陽性率為25%[3],假陰性率可高達(dá)38%~48%[4]。最新的臨床多中心研究表明,在PSA<4.0μg/L的PCa患者中10%~21%能通過直腸指診發(fā)現(xiàn)[5],而在血清PSA>4.0μg/L的人群中,彩超引導(dǎo)下經(jīng)直腸前列腺穿刺活檢陽性患者只有25%~30%,這意味著接受超聲引導(dǎo)下前列腺穿刺活檢的患者,>70%不能診斷出PCa[6]。
PSA水平與PCa細(xì)胞生長有關(guān),當(dāng)腫瘤細(xì)胞生長迅速、破壞前列腺腺泡和導(dǎo)管腔與血液循環(huán)系統(tǒng)之間的屏障,PSA直接泌入細(xì)胞間與血液中,從而使血清PSA升高[7]。當(dāng)腫瘤具有骨轉(zhuǎn)移時(shí),TPSA差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,可能與腫瘤的體積有關(guān),可以分泌較多的PSA蛋白,而fPSA含量本身較低,所以差異沒有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
Sreekumar等[8]的研究提示,人體內(nèi)存在的一種微量非必需氨基酸——肌氨酸,在PCa患者的組織細(xì)胞中濃度顯著升高,并證實(shí)肌氨酸參與了前列腺的癌變過程,是其進(jìn)展并發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)移時(shí)顯著增高的一種腫瘤代謝產(chǎn)物,而且易在尿液中被檢測出來。我們研究證實(shí)尿肌氨酸在伴發(fā)骨轉(zhuǎn)移的PCa患者中明顯增高,且與Gleason評分密切相關(guān),這也與他們的結(jié)果一致。這說明尿液中肌氨酸含量可以在PCa的篩檢和早期鑒別診斷中發(fā)揮作用,可能是由于尿液中的肌氨酸由腎臟排泄,并不能完全代表血液中的水平。當(dāng)然,Bohm等[9]研究表明肌氨酸水平并不能用來鑒別PCa的分期,如果利用肌胺酸/丙氨酸比值進(jìn)行鑒別,意義可能更大。
本研究在進(jìn)行肌氨酸檢測前飲食未加控制,且受樣本量的限制,可能具有一定的局限性,尚需要進(jìn)一步深入探討肌氨酸在PCa的發(fā)生及發(fā)展過程中的作用機(jī)制,有望成為臨床較為有效的評價(jià)指標(biāo)。
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(編輯: 金美娜, 王雪萍)
Diagnostic and prognostic value of urinary sarcosine for prostatic cancer
ZHANG Xiao-Yi*, ZOU Lian, LIU De-Zhong, GAO Xiang, SUN Bo, ZHAO Guo-Hua, SUN Jia-Ge
(Department of Urology, General Hospital of the Second Artillery, Beijing 100088, China)
To investigate the value of the urinary sarcosine in the diagnosis and prognosis of prostate cancer(PCa).A total of 16 PCa patients, with age ranging from 65 to 89(68.4±10.2)years, diagnosed by prostate biopsy in our department from May 2009 to May 2011, were enrolled in this study. Their blood and urinary samples were collected for detection of sarcosine level by isotope dilution-liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC/MS). Electrochemiluminescence assay was used for the detection of serum level of prostate specific antigen (PSA). The results were statistically analyzed with their Gleason scores and with bone metastasis.There was significant difference in the total PSA(TPSA) level between the PCa patients with bone metastases [=9, (203.95±169.68)μg/L] and without [=7, (35.53±35.77)μg/L,<0.05], while no difference was found in free PSA (fPSA) level between them [(14.41±11.84)(3.92±4.15)μg/L,>0.05]. The urinary sarcosine level was significantly higher in the PCa patients with bone metastasis than those without [(1277.67±432.78)(494.71±211.35) μg/L,=0.018]. There was no significant difference in the serum sarcosine level between different pathological Gleason scores, but urinary sarcosine level was significantly elevated with the increase of Gleason score(>0.05). Urinary sarcosin level was correlated with Gleason score and bone metastasis(<0.05).Urinary sarcosine might be used as a useful tumor marker for the diagnosis and prognosis of PCa.
prostate cancer; urinary sarcosine; mass spectrometry
R737. 25
A
10.3724/SP.J.1264.2013.00209
2013?06?21;
2013?08?16
張曉毅, E-mail: doctorzhxy@163.com