中考英語(yǔ)閱讀理解解題指導(dǎo)

閱讀理解是中考試題中所占分值比例最大的題型，其分值一般在30分左右。閱讀理解的設(shè)題形式有判斷正誤、選擇最佳答案、回答問(wèn)題、填寫表格和其他任務(wù)型閱讀等。閱讀理解重點(diǎn)考查的內(nèi)容是事實(shí)認(rèn)定、詞語(yǔ)理解、數(shù)量計(jì)算、主題思想歸納等。而從考查方式來(lái)看，則以直接型、轉(zhuǎn)換型和歸納型的試題為主，需要依據(jù)文章事實(shí)和作者思路進(jìn)行推理的題次之。

一、 命題特點(diǎn)

綜觀近幾年各地中考英語(yǔ)試題，閱讀理解的命題主要有以下幾個(gè)特點(diǎn):

1. 從題型上來(lái)說(shuō)

近年的閱讀理解把對(duì)整篇短文的領(lǐng)悟能力作為考查的重點(diǎn)和基本點(diǎn)，著重考查對(duì)文章的整體把握，側(cè)重考查考生根據(jù)語(yǔ)境進(jìn)行語(yǔ)篇分析和綜合利用有效信息解決實(shí)際問(wèn)題的能力，而能力要求較低的事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)型試題的比例呈逐年減少的趨勢(shì)。

2. 從體裁上來(lái)說(shuō)

近年來(lái)閱讀理解的體裁趨于多樣化，涉及記敘文、夾敘夾議文、議論文、說(shuō)明文和應(yīng)用文;題材內(nèi)容涉及英語(yǔ)國(guó)家文化的多個(gè)領(lǐng)域，更具現(xiàn)代化和生活化，突出語(yǔ)言與文化相結(jié)合的特點(diǎn)，并逐漸增加廣告、海報(bào)、圖畫、表格等實(shí)用文體。

3. 從閱讀量上來(lái)說(shuō)

近年的閱讀理解量有逐年增加的趨勢(shì)。閱讀量的不斷增加，意味著對(duì)閱讀速度的要求也不斷提高。因?yàn)槟壳坝行W(xué)生閱讀理解的速度遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)沒(méi)有達(dá)到教學(xué)大綱的要求，因此，繼續(xù)加大閱讀量，提高閱讀速度，將是今后閱讀理解命題的必然趨勢(shì)。

4. 從閱讀難度上來(lái)說(shuō)

近年的閱讀理解難度已經(jīng)遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過(guò)了教學(xué)大綱規(guī)定的3%生詞率，增加了閱讀理解的難度。

從以上分析可以看出，要提高閱讀理解能力，一是要掌握一定的詞匯、習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)和語(yǔ)法知識(shí);二是要養(yǎng)成良好的閱讀習(xí)慣，培養(yǎng)健康的閱讀心理;三是要積累一定的英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言文化背景知識(shí)。

二、 解題步驟

1. 通篇略讀，了解全文大意

對(duì)全文通篇速讀，舍棄無(wú)關(guān)緊要的細(xì)節(jié)，全力捕捉全文中心思想。要達(dá)到三個(gè)效果:

⑴ 對(duì)文章有一個(gè)總的概念和印象，文章講什么，有關(guān)什么內(nèi)容(題材，形容詞、副詞的選用，連接詞);

⑵ 了解文章的中心思想和作者的基本觀點(diǎn)和立場(chǎng)(感情色彩的形容詞、副詞以及文章的結(jié)構(gòu)，首尾段或首尾句);

⑶ 記住文中的信息方位，如什么地方是作者的觀點(diǎn)，什么地方是作者所舉的例子，什么地方是作者分析的原因，以便再讀時(shí)查找。

通讀是為了在短時(shí)間內(nèi)確定文章的中心大意或主題思想，因此，要注意主要信息。即使是新聞報(bào)道，也是以某一事件作為主要報(bào)道內(nèi)容的，將該事件的時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、人物、原因、過(guò)程及結(jié)果等幾方面交代清楚，從而引起讀者的普遍關(guān)注;議論文總有一個(gè)中心論題，可重點(diǎn)閱讀第一段、結(jié)束段以及其他各段的第一句或最末一句。在閱讀過(guò)程中，目光要快速移動(dòng)，千萬(wàn)不要停頓或復(fù)視，要對(duì)準(zhǔn)關(guān)鍵詞、句;同時(shí)要不斷地對(duì)內(nèi)容做出預(yù)測(cè)，使大腦的邏輯思維、推理判斷貫穿于整個(gè)閱讀的始終。

2. 細(xì)讀全文，注重關(guān)鍵詞句

針對(duì)題目中的問(wèn)題，細(xì)讀材料可以縮小閱讀范圍，迅速找到與問(wèn)題有關(guān)的信息，細(xì)讀與題目相關(guān)聯(lián)的詞、句、段，對(duì)關(guān)鍵部分要透徹理解，仔細(xì)推敲。在這一過(guò)程中，對(duì)有關(guān)細(xì)節(jié)可放慢速度，精讀有關(guān)部分，一邊閱讀一邊歸納，加快做題速度，求得一次性正確的答案。

在逐句閱讀的過(guò)程中，目光要瞄準(zhǔn)短文中的實(shí)詞，尤其是名詞和動(dòng)詞。同時(shí)抓住一些敏感的信息，如時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、人物、事件、原因、結(jié)果以及某些詞匯、詞語(yǔ)等。

3. 復(fù)讀全文，驗(yàn)證答案

在選出全部答案后，應(yīng)將答案代入問(wèn)題中重讀全文，看前后意思是否貫通，有無(wú)矛盾，若前后不一致或意思矛盾，則要考慮重選答案。

三、 答題技巧

1. 如果文章長(zhǎng)而設(shè)題少，則以略讀的方式先把問(wèn)題讀一遍，而后帶著問(wèn)題去查閱，求得要找的答案。

2. 如果文章長(zhǎng)而設(shè)題多，則應(yīng)先仔細(xì)閱讀該文，再去做題。遇到某個(gè)題答不出來(lái)時(shí)，可帶著該問(wèn)題去查閱有關(guān)細(xì)節(jié)。

3. 如果問(wèn)的是一段文章的中心思想，則應(yīng)重點(diǎn)讀段首句和段末句，看是否有主題句。有時(shí)主題句可能藏于段中，也有的段落無(wú)明顯的主題句，那就要自己分析、歸納中心思想。

4. 如果問(wèn)題要求的答案是數(shù)字、人名、地名，時(shí)間等，則可直接用查閱的方法來(lái)尋求答案，也可先略讀而后查閱。

5. 如果文章中提到的事實(shí)多、涉及面廣，可采取抓關(guān)鍵詞的辦法，記住文章中所談及的各個(gè)方面，從而判斷選取答案。

6. 有時(shí)遇到看不懂的難句，讀了幾遍仍然不懂，可做記號(hào)，暫時(shí)放下，留待以后有時(shí)間再來(lái)考慮。

四、 真題解析(2012年武漢市)

A small， white envelope stuck among the branches of our Christmas tree and it has been there for the past ten years or so.

It all began because my husband Justin hated Christmas—oh， not the true meaning of Christmas. Overspending was one thing， but compared to the difficult experience of choosing gifts—running around at the last minute to get a tie for Uncle Harry and a pair of gloves for Grandma ...， spending money is nothing. I felt too tired to think of any special gifts.

Knowing Justin felt the same way， I decided one year not to buy the usual shirts， sweaters， ties and so on. I reached for something special just for Justin. The inspiration came in an unusual way.

Our son Kevin， who was 12 that year， was wrestling (摔跤) at the junior level at the school he attended; and shortly before Christmas， there was a match against a team sponsored (贊助) by an inner-city church. These youngsters， dressed in such worn-out shoes that shoe strings seemed to be the only thing holding them together， while our boys were in their blue and gold uniforms and new wrestling shoes.

As the match began， I was shocked to see that the other team were wrestling without wearing helmets (頭盔) to protect their ears. Well， our boys ended up defeating them. We took every weight class.

Justin， seated beside me， shook his head sadly， “I wish just one of them could have won，” he said. “They have a lot of potential (潛力)， but losing like this could take the heart out of them.” Justin loved kids—all kids， and he knew them， having coached little league football and baseball. That’s when the idea for his present came. That afternoon， I went to a local sporting goods store and bought different kinds of wrestling helmets and shoes. I sent them to inner-city church without leaving my name.

On Christmas Eve， I placed the envelope on the tree， the note inside telling Justin what I had done and that was his gift from me. His smile was the brightest thing about Christmas that year and since then the envelope has become the highlight of our Christmas.

( )1. Justin hated Christmas because ______.

A. he didn’t enjoy receiving gifts

B. he had a hard time choosing gifts

C. he spent too much money buying gifts

D. he disliked putting gifts under the Christmas tree

( )2. We know from the passage that the team sponsored by inner-city church ______.

A. were well dressed

B. paid no attention to safety

C. feared Kevin’s team

D. couldn’t afford a helmet

( )3. How did Justin feel about the team’s failure?

A. Upset. B. Angry.

C. Hopeless. D. Shameful.

( )4. Why did the writer send gifts to the inner-city church without leaving her name?

A. To avoid being thanked.

B. To play a joke on Justin.

C. To give Justin a surprise.

D. To protect her private information.

( )5. Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?

A. The Church Gift

B. A Special Note

C. The White Envelope

D. A Christmas Card

[文 章 大 意]

本文介紹了圣誕節(jié)時(shí)作者家的圣誕樹(shù)上總會(huì)掛上一個(gè)白色信封這一傳統(tǒng)的起源。

[答 案 與 解 析]

1. B。細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中的“Overspending was one thing， but compared to the difficult experience of choosing gifts ...”可知答案是B。

2. D。推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段中的“These youngsters， dressed in such worn-out shoes that shoe strings seemed to be the only thing holding them together”和第五段中的“I was shocked to see that the other team were wrestling without wearing helmets (頭盔) to protect their ears.”可知，這個(gè)隊(duì)伍的小孩都沒(méi)有錢買頭盔來(lái)保護(hù)他們的頭。故選D。

3. A。細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段句首“Justin， seated beside me， shook his head sadly” 可知，Justin 對(duì)團(tuán)隊(duì)的失敗感到失望。故選A。

4. C。推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段句首“I placed the envelope on the tree， the note inside telling Justin what I had done and that was his gift from me.”可知，作者將這作為給丈夫的禮物。由此可推知作者不留名的目的是為了給丈夫一個(gè)驚喜。故選C。

5. C。標(biāo)題概括題。文章開(kāi)頭以及結(jié)尾均提到了the white envelope，且全文都在介紹這個(gè)白色信封的由來(lái)，故選C項(xiàng)作為標(biāo)題最為合適。