• 
    

    
    

      99热精品在线国产_美女午夜性视频免费_国产精品国产高清国产av_av欧美777_自拍偷自拍亚洲精品老妇_亚洲熟女精品中文字幕_www日本黄色视频网_国产精品野战在线观看 ?

      轉(zhuǎn)錄抑制因子CUTL1腫瘤治療的新靶點(diǎn)

      2013-02-19 10:11:54李婷婷綜述吳本儼審校
      關(guān)鍵詞:腫瘤發(fā)生調(diào)控通路

      李婷婷 綜述 吳本儼 審校

      解放軍總醫(yī)院 南樓消化內(nèi)科,北京 100853

      轉(zhuǎn)錄因子CUTL1作為轉(zhuǎn)錄激活因子和轉(zhuǎn)錄抑制因子參與許多細(xì)胞基因的轉(zhuǎn)錄調(diào)節(jié),從而調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞的生長(zhǎng)、分化和發(fā)育[1]。1999年,Zeng等[2]進(jìn)行雜合性缺失研究,認(rèn)為CUTL1可能作為腫瘤抑制基因的候選基因。2002年,Goulet等[3]的體外實(shí)驗(yàn)表明,CUTL1的高表達(dá)可促進(jìn)乳腺癌的發(fā)生。細(xì)胞周期蛋白A-cdk1和蛋白激酶C在多個(gè)位點(diǎn)對(duì)CUTL1進(jìn)行磷酸化的調(diào)節(jié),抑制其DNA結(jié)合活性[4]。CUTL1還是TGFβ信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路的一個(gè)靶標(biāo),介導(dǎo)TGFβ的促遷移活性并在促進(jìn)細(xì)胞運(yùn)動(dòng)和腫瘤細(xì)胞侵襲性生長(zhǎng)方面發(fā)揮重要作用[5],下調(diào)CUTL1的表達(dá)有望成為腫瘤治療的新靶點(diǎn)。CUTL1(Cut like1),又稱(chēng)CutX1或CCAAT置換蛋白(cux/CDP),屬于在進(jìn)化上高度保守的同源結(jié)構(gòu)域轉(zhuǎn)錄因子CDP家族[1]。熒光原位雜交證實(shí)CUTL1定位于7q22,參與細(xì)胞的生長(zhǎng)、分化和發(fā)育,該區(qū)域在多種腫瘤中表達(dá)缺失[1,6]。

      1 CUTL1的生物學(xué)功能

      1.1 CUTL1與腫瘤發(fā)生 2011年,Hanahan和Weinberg[7]在Cell上發(fā)表文章指出腫瘤細(xì)胞有十個(gè)重要特點(diǎn): 自給自足的生長(zhǎng)信號(hào),抗生長(zhǎng)信號(hào)的不敏感,回避凋亡,潛力無(wú)限的復(fù)制能力,持續(xù)的血管生成,組織浸潤(rùn)和轉(zhuǎn)移避免免疫摧毀,促進(jìn)腫瘤的炎癥,細(xì)胞能量異常以及基因組不穩(wěn)定和突變。研究表明CUTL1可提高腫瘤細(xì)胞的腫瘤特性,如持續(xù)的血管生成,抗凋亡能力等。Vadnais等[8]研究表明轉(zhuǎn)錄因子CUTL1不僅可以調(diào)控細(xì)胞周期進(jìn)展和DNA修復(fù),還有利于維持基因組的完整性。Siam等[9]在小鼠模型中發(fā)現(xiàn)過(guò)表達(dá)或敲除其靶基因Lats1均可導(dǎo)致腫瘤發(fā)生。

      1.2 CUTL1與腫瘤的侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移 腫瘤細(xì)胞的運(yùn)動(dòng)、遷移和侵襲以及抗凋亡能力與CUTL1緊密相關(guān),CUTL1作為原癌基因促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)胞的侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移。Michl等指出CUTL1的活性和多種癌細(xì)胞系的遷徙、轉(zhuǎn)移相關(guān),并受TGF-β調(diào)控,從而激活細(xì)胞運(yùn)動(dòng)、遷徙和細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)中的有關(guān)基因[5,10]。Aleksic等[11]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)CUTL1可促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)胞遷移,指出CUTL1可穩(wěn)定Src并通過(guò)上調(diào)Csk減少蛋白酶介導(dǎo)的蛋白降解。Kedinger等[12]探討了促進(jìn)癌細(xì)胞運(yùn)動(dòng)能力的另一可能機(jī)制,發(fā)現(xiàn)CUTL1的同種型p110 CUTL1在CUTL1引起的癌細(xì)胞遷移運(yùn)動(dòng)中發(fā)揮作用,同時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)p110 CUTL1可以刺激細(xì)胞播散和黏附。研究顯示,多個(gè)CUTL1靶基因的表達(dá)與腫瘤細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn)周?chē)M織有關(guān)[13]。用RNAi的方法下調(diào)CUTL1的表達(dá)能顯著削弱腫瘤細(xì)胞在實(shí)驗(yàn)性轉(zhuǎn)移模型中的肺克隆形成率,提示CUTL1的轉(zhuǎn)錄活性在腫瘤侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移中發(fā)揮重要作用,并可能增加腫瘤的去分化能力[8]。

      2 CUTL1的作用機(jī)制

      2.1 在轉(zhuǎn)錄調(diào)控中發(fā)揮作用 Cut重復(fù)子和Cut同源結(jié)構(gòu)域的不同組合可產(chǎn)生不同的DNA結(jié)合活性,其活性與細(xì)胞增殖和細(xì)胞周期進(jìn)展有關(guān),在增殖細(xì)胞中增加,終末分化時(shí)下降,并能調(diào)節(jié)參與終末分化的基因。實(shí)驗(yàn)證實(shí)用Cux-1同系物進(jìn)行敲除實(shí)驗(yàn)后的小鼠,其肺上皮細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育遲緩、毛囊缺陷、雄性個(gè)體生殖能力下降、T細(xì)胞和B細(xì)胞功能缺陷。與此相反,轉(zhuǎn)Cux 1基因小鼠則表現(xiàn)為器官肥大和多器官增生[14]。CDP/Cut功能可集中于轉(zhuǎn)錄后修飾如磷酸化和乙酰基化。蛋白酶L通過(guò)加工處理轉(zhuǎn)錄因子CDP/Cux產(chǎn)生較短的異構(gòu)體,從而參與細(xì)胞周期的調(diào)控[8]。

      2.2 為T(mén)GFβ信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路的一個(gè)靶標(biāo) CUTL1可促進(jìn)細(xì)胞的運(yùn)動(dòng)和侵襲能力。已知TGFβ為調(diào)節(jié)腫瘤細(xì)胞遷移、侵襲和上皮間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)變的主要因子。通過(guò)研究腫瘤相關(guān)信號(hào)途徑對(duì)CUTL1的作用,顯示CUTL1為T(mén)GFβ的一個(gè)靶標(biāo),介導(dǎo)TGFβ的促遷移活性[15]。TGFβ可促進(jìn)CUTL1的表達(dá)[16-17]。作為重要的轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,CUTL1參與調(diào)控多個(gè)生理病理過(guò)程。除了PI3K/Akt和TGFβ兩個(gè)重要的信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路,Liu等認(rèn)為CUTL1在其他信號(hào)通路如WNT/β-catenin和JAK/STAT3中也發(fā)揮作用,WNT5A是WNT基因家族成員分泌的信號(hào)蛋白,是CUTL1的下游分子,同時(shí),CDP和Sox2可以相互作用,Sox2是重要的轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,在細(xì)胞的自我更新、多潛能分化以及未分化胚胎干細(xì)胞發(fā)育過(guò)程中發(fā)揮重要作用,參與JAK/STAT3信號(hào)通路; CUTL1在WNT/β-catenin和JAK/STAT3信號(hào)通路中發(fā)揮作用,同時(shí)分別通過(guò)TNF、Src和shh(Sonic hedgehog)參與TNF、MAPK/ERK以及Hedgehog信號(hào)通路,據(jù)此推斷,CUTL1可以參與和整合多個(gè)信號(hào)通路; 轉(zhuǎn)錄因子CUTL1在腫瘤發(fā)生發(fā)展中的作用目前存在爭(zhēng)議,部分研究者認(rèn)為CUTL1可以通過(guò)降低表達(dá)抑制腫瘤發(fā)生,然而,更多的研究者認(rèn)為CUTL1過(guò)表達(dá)可以促進(jìn)腫瘤進(jìn)展[18-20]。

      現(xiàn)有數(shù)據(jù)顯示,CUTL1在建立腫瘤細(xì)胞偏愛(ài)運(yùn)動(dòng)和侵襲行為的模式中起關(guān)鍵作用[21]。由TGFβ誘導(dǎo)的CUTL1的表達(dá)對(duì)TGFβ促進(jìn)細(xì)胞運(yùn)動(dòng)是必要的,但其精確機(jī)制還有待進(jìn)一步研究,CUTL1可能是晚期腫瘤中TGFβ腫瘤促進(jìn)效應(yīng)的一個(gè)關(guān)鍵介導(dǎo)者[8]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)CUTL1在胃癌耐藥細(xì)胞和組織中表達(dá)下調(diào)[22],通過(guò)促進(jìn)細(xì)胞多極分裂導(dǎo)致染色體不穩(wěn)定[23],其靶標(biāo)谷氨酸受體 GRIA3在胰腺癌進(jìn)展中發(fā)揮一定作用[24]。迄今為止,僅有一篇文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道CUTL1在翻譯水平的調(diào)控作用。Xu等[25]通過(guò)熒光報(bào)告基因表達(dá)等研究發(fā)現(xiàn),肝臟特異性的microRNA miR122,在小鼠肝胚胎發(fā)育中表達(dá),可對(duì)CUTL1的翻譯起抑制作用,在小鼠胎肝和人肝的癌細(xì)胞中,四類(lèi)肝細(xì)胞高表達(dá)的轉(zhuǎn)錄因子(包括HNF1α,HNF3β,HNF4α以及C/EBPα)共同調(diào)控miR122的表達(dá),同時(shí),通過(guò)過(guò)表達(dá)和基因敲除等方式,在肝臟發(fā)育的轉(zhuǎn)錄后水平,CUTL1的表達(dá)逐漸被靜止。

      3 結(jié)語(yǔ)

      轉(zhuǎn)錄因子CUTL1在腫瘤發(fā)生發(fā)展中起重要作用,有望成為阻斷腫瘤進(jìn)展的新靶點(diǎn)和腫瘤化療的新星。檢測(cè)其在腫瘤發(fā)生發(fā)展過(guò)程中的表達(dá),與其他腫瘤相關(guān)轉(zhuǎn)錄因子的相互作用,及其靶基因和已知腫瘤相關(guān)基因的關(guān)系網(wǎng)絡(luò)是未來(lái)研究的主要方向。新的靶向研究技術(shù)如適體-siRNA結(jié)合體將有助于進(jìn)一步探討轉(zhuǎn)錄因子CUTL1在腫瘤發(fā)生發(fā)展及腫瘤治療中的作用。

      1 Harada R, Bérubé G, Tamplin OJ, et al. DNA-binding specificity of the cut repeats from the human cut-like protein[J]. Mol Cell Biol, 1995, 15(1): 129-140.

      2 Zeng WR, Watson P, Lin J, et al. Refined mapping of the region of loss of heterozygosity on the long arm of chromosome 7 in human breast Cancer defines the location of a second tumor suppressor gene at 7q22 in the region of the CUTL1 gene[J]. Oncogene, 1999, 18(11): 2015-2021.

      3 Goulet B, Watson P, Poirier M, et al. Characterization of a tissuespecific CDP/Cux isoform, p75, activated in breast tumor cells[J].Cancer Res, 2002, 62(22): 6625-6633.

      4 Goulet B, Baruch A, Moon NS, et al. A cathepsin L isoform that is devoid of a signal peptide localizes to the nucleus in S phase and processes the CDP/Cux transcription factor[J]. Mol Cell, 2004, 14(2): 207-219.

      5 Michl P, Ramjaun AR, Pardo OE, et al. CUTL1 is a target of TGF(beta) signaling that enhances cancer cell motility and invasiveness[J]. Cancer Cell, 2005, 7(6):521-532.

      6 Nepveu A. Role of the multifunctional CDP/Cut/Cux homeodomain transcription factor in regulating differentiation, cell growth and development[J]. Gene, 2001, 270(1-2): 1-15.

      7 Hanahan D, Weinberg RA. Hallmarks of Cancer: the next Generation[J]. Cell, 2011, 144(5): 646-674.

      8 Vadnais C, Davoudi S, Afshin M, et al. CUX1 transcription factor is required for optimal ATM/ATR-mediated responses to DNA damage[J]. Nucleic Acids Res, 2012, 40(10): 4483-4495.

      9 Siam R, Harada R, Cadieux C, et al. Transcriptional activation of the Lats1 tumor suppressor gene in tumors of CUX1 transgenic mice[J].Mol Cancer, 2009, 8:60.

      10 Michl P, Downward J. CUTL1: a key mediator of TGFbeta-induced tumor invasion[J]. Cell Cycle, 2006, 5(2):132-134.

      11 Aleksic T, Bechtel M, Krndija D, et al. CUTL1 promotes tumor cell migration by decreasing proteasome-mediated Src degradation[J].Oncogene, 2007, 26(40): 5939-5949.

      12 Kedinger V, Sansregret L, Harada R, et al. p110 CUX1 homeodomain protein stimulates cell migration and invasion in part through a regulatory cascade culminating in the repression of e-cadherin and occludin[J]. J Biol Chem, 2009, 284(40):27701-27711.

      13 Joyce JA, Baruch A, Chehade K, et al. Cathepsin cysteine proteases are effectors of invasive growth and angiogenesis during multistage tumorigenesis[J]. Cancer Cell, 2004, 5(5): 443-453.

      14 Luong MX, van der Meijden CM, Xing D, et al. Genetic ablation of the CDP/Cux protein C terminus results in hair cycle defects and reduced male fertility[J]. Mol Cell Biol, 2002, 22(5): 1424-1437.

      15 Sun J, Deng WM. Notch-dependent downregulation of the homeodomain gene cut is required for the mitotic cycle/endocycle Switch and cell differentiation in Drosophila follicle cells[J].Development, 2005, 132(19): 4299-4308.

      16 Martin-Soudant N, Drachman JG, Kaushansky K, et al. CDP/cut DNA binding activity is down-modulated in granulocytes,macrophages and erythrocytes but remains elevated in differentiating megakaryocytes[J]. Leukemia, 2000, 14(5): 863-873.

      17 Sansregret L, Nepveu A. The multiple roles of CUX1: insights from mouse models and cell-based assays[J]. Gene, 2008, 412(1-2):84-94.

      18 Liu KC, Lin BS, Zhao M, et al. Cutl1: a potential target for Cancer therapy[J]. Cell Signal, 2013, 25(1): 349-354.

      19 Engelen E, Akinci U, Bryne JC, et al. Sox2 cooperates with Chd7 to regulate genes that are mutated in human syndromes[J]. Nat Genet, 2011, 43(6): 607-611.

      20 Ripka S, K?nig A, Buchholz M, et al. WNT5A--target of CUTL1 and potent modulator of tumor cell migration and invasion in pancreatic Cancer[J]. Carcinogenesis, 2007, 28(6): 1178-1187.

      21 Hulea L, Nepveu A. CUX1 transcription factors: from biochemical activities and cell-based assays to mouse models and human diseases[J]. Gene, 2012, 497(1): 18-26.

      22 Li T, Wang H, Sun Y, et al. Transcription factor CUTL1 is a negative regulator of drug resistance in gastric Cancer[J]. J Biol Chem,2013, 288(6): 4135-4147.

      23 Sansregret L, Vadnais C, Livingstone J, et al. Cut homeobox 1 causes chromosomal instability by promoting bipolar division after cytokinesis failure[J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2011, 108(5):1949-1954.

      24 Ripka S, Riedel J, Neesse A, et al. Glutamate receptor GRIA3--target of CUX1 and mediator of tumor progression in pancreatic Cancer[J]. Neoplasia, 2010, 12(8): 659-667.

      25 Xu H, He JH, Xiao ZD, et al. Liver-enriched transcription factors regulate microRNA-122 that targets CUTL1 during liver development[J]. Hepatology, 2010, 52(4): 1431-1442.

      猜你喜歡
      腫瘤發(fā)生調(diào)控通路
      神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)影響腫瘤發(fā)生發(fā)展的研究進(jìn)展
      如何調(diào)控困意
      經(jīng)濟(jì)穩(wěn)中有進(jìn) 調(diào)控托而不舉
      Wnt信號(hào)通路調(diào)節(jié)小腸腫瘤發(fā)生
      順勢(shì)而導(dǎo) 靈活調(diào)控
      Kisspeptin/GPR54信號(hào)通路促使性早熟形成的作用觀察
      SUMO修飾在細(xì)胞凋亡中的調(diào)控作用
      microRNA-95與腫瘤發(fā)生機(jī)制的研究
      proBDNF-p75NTR通路抑制C6細(xì)胞增殖
      PLK1在腫瘤發(fā)生中的研究進(jìn)展
      巫山县| 广汉市| 隆昌县| 高邮市| 阳山县| 边坝县| 准格尔旗| 靖江市| 临高县| 海城市| 安顺市| 双辽市| 正阳县| 股票| 龙岩市| 肥乡县| 贵溪市| 泸西县| 平乡县| 裕民县| 扎鲁特旗| 方山县| 阜南县| 长沙县| 施秉县| 东乌| 罗城| 宁强县| 东阿县| 金湖县| 尖扎县| 怀仁县| 紫阳县| 昔阳县| 柯坪县| 青州市| 观塘区| 建阳市| 湄潭县| 彭山县| 仁化县|