侯 樂 謝立科 唐由之 肖文崢 張明明 郝曉風(fēng) 謝萬坤
光動力學(xué)療法(photodynamic therapy,PDT)是一種選擇性損傷療法,最早用于惡性腫瘤的診斷和治療,上世紀末被應(yīng)用于臨床封閉脈絡(luò)膜新生血管(choroidal neovascularization,CNV),并逐漸引入到許多眼底病的治療當(dāng)中。本文對目前PDT應(yīng)用中所發(fā)現(xiàn)的問題及針對相應(yīng)問題所作出的改進進行簡單介紹。
PDT由于其組織選擇性好、對微血管組織的損傷作用強和全身副反應(yīng)少等特點,曾被認為是治療多種CNV相關(guān)眼底病的首選療法,并主要應(yīng)用于年齡相關(guān)性黃斑變性(age related macular degeneration,ARMD)、息肉樣脈絡(luò)膜血管病變(polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy,PCV)、病理性近視(pathologic myopia,PM)和中心性漿液性脈絡(luò)膜視網(wǎng)膜病變(central serous chorioretinopathy,CSC)的治療中。但是經(jīng)過幾年的隨訪觀察及臨床研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)PDT也有不可忽視的副作用。
研究發(fā)現(xiàn),PDT雖然能有效地減慢濕性ARMD病程,但其幾乎不能提高視力〔1〕。Kürzinger GR等人在PDT對有隱匿性新生血管的ARMD療效研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),PDT能穩(wěn)定卻不能提高濕性ARMD患者的矯正視力〔2〕。Keane等人報道了1例ARMD患者在PDT治療后出現(xiàn)了急性的視力下降〔3〕。同時,有研究表明,應(yīng)用PDT治療病理性近視長期療效明顯低于貝伐單抗(bevacizumab),并且在PDT治療2年后,視力較治療早期明顯下降,與未治療前的基線視力無明顯差異〔4-5〕。
1.2.1 嚴重的脈絡(luò)膜局部缺血和萎縮:CSC伴有漿液性視網(wǎng)膜色素上皮脫離(pigment epithelium detachment,PED),或慢性CSC患者經(jīng)PDT治療后,雖然PED及漿液性視網(wǎng)膜神經(jīng)上皮脫離復(fù)位,但其激光治療區(qū)域出現(xiàn)嚴重的脈絡(luò)膜局部缺血并導(dǎo)致視力下降〔6〕。對于需要多次PDT治療的CNV相關(guān)眼底病,反復(fù)的PDT治療會增加永久性脈絡(luò)膜萎縮的風(fēng)險〔7〕。
1.2.2 視網(wǎng)膜下/脈絡(luò)膜上出血:部分PCV患者在PDT治療不久后出現(xiàn)大量的視網(wǎng)膜下/脈絡(luò)膜上出血〔8〕。
1.2.3 黃斑裂孔:有病例報道,在PDT治療ARMD脈絡(luò)膜新生血管20 d后出現(xiàn)黃斑裂孔。在這之前先發(fā)現(xiàn)有玻璃體后脫離。作者認為,PDT后黃斑裂孔歸責(zé)于脈絡(luò)膜隆起導(dǎo)致的中心凹裂開,并由于激光引起的中心凹切線方向的牽拉或黃斑囊樣水腫而加重,最終導(dǎo)致了黃斑全層裂孔〔9〕。
1.2.4 視網(wǎng)膜毒性:雖然與其他激光相比較,PDT能更好地保護視網(wǎng)膜組織,但動物實驗表明PDT對視網(wǎng)膜仍有一定程度的損傷〔10-12〕。大多數(shù)CNV病人需要多次治療,因此,累積的損傷就十分讓人擔(dān)憂了。Turkuoglu等人認為,PDT和只注射維替泊芬(PDT第二代光敏劑)都會導(dǎo)致一氧化氮(NO)和丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)在視網(wǎng)膜中水平的增加,而這可能導(dǎo)致視網(wǎng)膜中毒。其中NO是由精氨酸經(jīng)一氧化氮合成酶氧化后產(chǎn)生的。少量的NO能調(diào)節(jié)生理功能,但過量會引起組織損害。已有實驗表明NO對光感受器有毒性作用〔13-15〕。而MDA作為穩(wěn)定的多不飽和脂肪酸氧化降解反應(yīng)產(chǎn)物,其被廣泛的接受為自由基形成的標準〔16〕。在臨床中,與光敏劑浸潤相關(guān)的氧自由基的突然增多能導(dǎo)致單眼CNV病人對側(cè)眼的組織損傷〔17-18〕。近期美國學(xué)者進行了有關(guān)維替泊芬效應(yīng)的體外細胞實驗。實驗中分別給予原代人鞏膜成纖維細胞(human scleral fibroblasts,hFibro)、原代人小梁網(wǎng)細胞(human trabecular meshwork cells,hTMC)、原代豬小梁網(wǎng)細胞和人視網(wǎng)膜色素上皮細胞系(ARPE-19 cells),采取單獨維替泊芬、單獨PDT激光和維替泊芬合并PDT激光干預(yù)治療,通過線粒體酶活性來測定上述細胞活性。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)單獨PDT激光干預(yù)組4種細胞均無顯著死亡,單獨維替泊芬干預(yù)組4種細胞有輕微但無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義的細胞活性降低,維替泊芬合并PDT激光干預(yù)組4種細胞有顯著的細胞活性降低〔19〕。
1.2.5 視網(wǎng)膜下纖維化(subretinal fibrosis,SRF)或視網(wǎng)膜色素上皮緣退縮:J M Ruiz-Moreno認為雖然較低最佳矯正視力(best corrected visual acuity,BCVA)的PM 患者在經(jīng) PDT治療后較易發(fā)生SRF,但極少因此引起B(yǎng)CVA降低〔20〕。Pece A認為PM患者PDT后可能出現(xiàn)視網(wǎng)膜色素上皮緣退縮,但發(fā)生率低〔21〕。
1.2.6 視網(wǎng)膜色素上皮層撕裂:伴有PED的慢性非典型性CSC患者經(jīng)PDT治療后雖然視力提高,但其色素上皮層出現(xiàn)大的新月形視網(wǎng)膜色素上皮層撕裂。同時,報道指出,對于已有色素上皮層脫離的PCV患者,即使將PDT光線流量降低50%也會導(dǎo)致視網(wǎng)膜色素上皮層撕裂〔22〕。
1.2.7 黃斑中心凹下滲出:Arman等人報道了3名眼內(nèi)腫瘤患者(最佳矯正視力分別為 20/20、20/60、20/20)在接受PDT療法后幾天內(nèi)均出現(xiàn)視力下降,OCT檢查發(fā)現(xiàn)黃斑中心凹下進行性滲出。3周到4個月后,視網(wǎng)膜滲出均完全吸收并且最佳矯正視力恢復(fù)到20/20,1名患者主訴有永久性的旁中心環(huán)形陰影遮擋,其余2名患者無特殊不適〔23〕。除了上述報道外,脈絡(luò)膜新生血管膜(CNVM)和PCV等其他患者也均有相關(guān)報道〔24-27〕。
美國學(xué)者對146 942名ARMD患者進行了隊列回顧研究發(fā)現(xiàn),經(jīng)PDT治療患者死亡率的風(fēng)險比為0.85,99%的可信區(qū)間為[0.75,0.95];其心肌梗塞的風(fēng)險比為0.73,99%的可信區(qū)間為[0.58,0.92]。 明顯高于使用抗-VEGF 療法患者〔28〕。
對于PM患者,PDT的療效存在個體和種族差異。高加索人個體間的差異,可能是由凝血平衡基因多態(tài)性與不同的CNV對PDT應(yīng)答性之間存在遺傳相關(guān)性引起的〔29〕;而亞洲人種族間的差異,可能歸因于視網(wǎng)膜色素上皮層中較多的色素,能提供可能的保護作用〔30〕。
雖然PDT存在上述不足,但其仍具自身的優(yōu)勢。并且,CNV是一個不完全清楚的、動態(tài)的、多因子的過程。顯而易見,對于多因子疾病單一療法不是最佳的選擇〔18〕?;谏鲜鲈?,有學(xué)者提出了聯(lián)合療法,并在ARMD中取得了較好的療效,同時由于兩者的互補,目前還沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)明顯副作用。
已有有力的基礎(chǔ)研究預(yù)示PDT與血管生成抑制劑能互補對方的缺點。PDT通過改善反應(yīng)程度,能減少玻璃體腔內(nèi)注射血管生成抑制劑的頻率;血管生成抑制劑能通過抑制VEGF的增量調(diào)節(jié)來增加PDT的效能〔31〕。目前主要的抗-VEGF的藥有以下兩種:蘭尼單抗(ranibizumab)和貝伐單抗(bevacizumab)。
2.1.1 PDT聯(lián)合玻璃體內(nèi)注射bevacizumab:聯(lián)合療法組12個月后的療效優(yōu)于單純PDT組,并且需要較少的治療次數(shù)〔32〕。
2.1.2 PDT聯(lián)合玻璃體內(nèi)注射ranibizumab:同一天內(nèi)注射ranibizumab與行PDT治療,患者耐受性良好,84%的患者在24個月內(nèi)視力穩(wěn)定或有提高〔33〕。2型單純型黃斑毛細血管擴張癥患者在24 h內(nèi)同時行低流量PDT聯(lián)合ranibizumab治療后,最佳矯正視力有改善并在3個月的隨訪中保持穩(wěn)定〔34〕。
回顧性研究發(fā)現(xiàn):在1年的隨訪期內(nèi),三聯(lián)療法,即玻璃體腔內(nèi)注射bevacizumab+眼后Tenon囊下注射曲安奈德+低流量 V-PDT(verteporfin photodynamic therapy),對視力提高和視網(wǎng)膜厚度減少有效,并且不需要后續(xù)的治療〔35〕。同時,Becerra等人也認為,三聯(lián)療法——PDT+玻璃體內(nèi)注射曲安奈德+玻璃體內(nèi)注射抗-VEGF藥物能延長作用時間并能提高療效〔36〕。但還需要更多研究來明確三聯(lián)療法的療效。
目前臨床上PDT主要的光敏劑藥物名為維速達爾,其主要成分為維替泊芬和其外包裹的中性脂質(zhì)體。最近有學(xué)者提出以陽離子脂質(zhì)體(cationic liposome,CL)作為靶向給藥載體包裹維替泊芬 (verteporfin encapsulated in cationic liposomes,CL-VTP)的設(shè)想并進行驗證。前期研究發(fā)現(xiàn)CL能與激活的內(nèi)皮細胞特異性結(jié)合,可以與諸如熒光素、吲哚菁綠等熒光基團結(jié)合,能在激光誘導(dǎo)CNV小鼠模型的活躍的血管源性損傷處蓄積。同時,CL作為藥物傳遞系統(tǒng)已經(jīng)應(yīng)用于腫瘤治療中的抗血管生成藥物上。基于以上研究基礎(chǔ)和假設(shè),進一步研究發(fā)現(xiàn)CL-VTP具有與維速達爾相同的效應(yīng),但其副作用更小。這可能與CL只蓄積在CNV處有關(guān),而在以前相關(guān)試驗的兔模型維速達爾的實驗中,研究者在脈絡(luò)膜、PRE一直到光感受器外節(jié)都能檢測到維速達爾〔37〕。
目前,在臨床上PDT由于其價格昂貴、療效不明確、需多次治療等原因并不作為首選療法。聯(lián)合療法為PDT在臨床的應(yīng)用提供了新的思路和方向,關(guān)于其短期及長期療效等方面的進一步探討,將為聯(lián)合療法在臨床的推廣應(yīng)用尋求依據(jù)。
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