劉俊功
(安徽淮北煤電技師學(xué)院,安徽 淮北 235000)
弗朗西斯·培根(1561—1626)是英國(guó)文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期著名的哲學(xué)家、作家、散文家、法學(xué)家、歷史學(xué)家、政治家。培根的主要建樹是在哲學(xué)領(lǐng)域,但在其他方面所取得的成就同樣令世人矚目。其在文學(xué)方面的主要著作即是《隨筆集》,該書讓培根贏得了世界范圍的文學(xué)聲譽(yù)?!洞笥倏迫珪肥沁@樣評(píng)價(jià)培根及其《隨筆集》的:“A lawyer,statesman,philosopher,and master of the English tongue,he is remembered in literary terms for the sharp worldly wisdom of a few dozen essays.”將其稱為英國(guó)語言的大師。培根是將隨筆這一文學(xué)形式引入英國(guó)的第一人,同時(shí)對(duì)后世英國(guó)隨筆的創(chuàng)作產(chǎn)生了深遠(yuǎn)的影響。
培根《隨筆集》成書共分三個(gè)階段:1597年初版時(shí)只收有10篇文章,1612年版增至38篇,1625年版(即末版)增至58篇?,F(xiàn)通行的版本是59篇,后人將未完稿《論謠言》(Of Fame)作為第59篇收入《隨筆集》。除篇幅的增加外,培根對(duì)多篇文章進(jìn)行了修訂、改寫。
文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期的英語屬于早期現(xiàn)代英語階段,是英語發(fā)展歷史的一個(gè)關(guān)鍵時(shí)期,隨著英語的規(guī)范化,英語的表達(dá)能力顯著提高,在各個(gè)領(lǐng)域已逐步取代拉丁語和法語。但培根還是以拉丁文寫作其重要的哲學(xué)著作,如《新工具》以及《學(xué)術(shù)的推進(jìn)》等。他用英語寫作了這部他認(rèn)為次要的《隨筆集》,正是這本《隨筆集》奠定了培根在英國(guó)文學(xué)史中的地位。
培根《隨筆集》是用早期現(xiàn)代英語寫作。在16世紀(jì),英國(guó)文壇存在兩種風(fēng)格之爭(zhēng)。培根認(rèn)為當(dāng)時(shí)英國(guó)文壇存在著“追求詞語過于內(nèi)容”的弊端,是講究修辭手段而不問內(nèi)容是否重要,必須加以改革。培根《隨筆集》開創(chuàng)了一種新的風(fēng)格,即務(wù)實(shí)的風(fēng)格,來實(shí)現(xiàn)其關(guān)于語言的主張。因此,培根《隨筆集》以簡(jiǎn)潔、緊湊、精煉著稱。
使用詞匯分析軟件AnConc對(duì)《隨筆集》詞匯分析統(tǒng)計(jì):59篇隨筆共計(jì)52335個(gè)單詞,詞匯量6775,詞匯密度(lexical density)為12.95,根據(jù) Halliday的研究,英語書面語篇的平均詞匯密度值為3~6,培根《隨筆集》的詞匯密度是英語平均密度的2至3倍,詞匯密度也是衡量語篇難度的重要指標(biāo),詞匯密度越高,語篇難度越大,這也是培根《隨筆集》閱讀較困難的一個(gè)原因。同時(shí),也從另一個(gè)角度論證了培根《隨筆集》“簡(jiǎn)潔、緊湊、精煉”的特點(diǎn)。
1.培根《隨筆集》最終版本出版于1625年,正處于早期現(xiàn)代英語時(shí)期中期,因此,帶有明顯的早期現(xiàn)代英語特點(diǎn)。現(xiàn)在通行的版本對(duì)其詞匯拼法進(jìn)行了規(guī)范,以符合現(xiàn)代英語讀者的習(xí)慣,但其中仍保留了諸多早期現(xiàn)代英語的用法,最為顯著的是動(dòng)詞詞尾的曲折變化及人稱代詞的用法:
1)動(dòng)詞詞尾的曲折變化
關(guān)于早期現(xiàn)代英語的動(dòng)詞人稱和數(shù)的詞尾曲折變化特點(diǎn),主要體現(xiàn)在兩個(gè)方面:
①當(dāng)主語第二人稱單數(shù)(thou)時(shí),動(dòng)詞詞尾加-(e)st,這種用法在當(dāng)代英語中已消失,例如在Of Great Place和 Of Goodness & Goodness of Nature中的兩個(gè)句子:
— And after a time,set before thee thine own example;and examine thyself strictly,whether thou didst not best at first.
— …;and express thyself well,when thou digressest from thy rule.
— And beware how in making the portraiture,thou breakest the pattern.
②第三人稱單數(shù)動(dòng)詞詞尾-(e)s通常寫作-(e)th,此種用法在《隨筆集》中比比皆是:
— But it is not only the difficulty and labor,which men take in finding out of truth,nor again,that when it is found,it imposeth upon men's thoughts,that doth bring lies in favor;
— He that hath wife and children hath given hostages to fortune;
2)人稱代詞的用法特點(diǎn)
代詞是封閉類詞項(xiàng),其數(shù)量有限。英語的人稱代詞具有數(shù)與格的用法區(qū)別。下表列舉了早期現(xiàn)代英語的代詞用法:
人稱/數(shù)主格 賓格 形容詞性物主代詞 名詞性物主代詞第一人稱單數(shù) I me my/mine→my mine第一人稱復(fù)數(shù)we us our ours第二人稱單數(shù) thou~ye→you thee~you thy/thine→thy~your thine~yours第二人稱復(fù)數(shù) ye→you you your yours第三人稱單數(shù)(指人) he,she him,her his,her his,hers第三人稱單數(shù)(指物) (h)it→it him,(h)it→it his(thereof)→its(of it) (his→its)第三人稱復(fù)數(shù) they them('em)their theirs
從表中我們可以看到關(guān)于人稱代詞的用法不同,主要體現(xiàn)在第二人稱方面。
①早期現(xiàn)代英語時(shí)期,第二人稱單數(shù)thou與you共存,根據(jù)一些研究資料顯示,其用法具有語境的區(qū)別,thou在《隨筆集》中共出現(xiàn)21次,you出現(xiàn)130次,舉例如下:
—What hast thou to do with peace Turn thee behind me.
—Therefore always,when thou changest thine opinion or course,profess it plainly,and declare it,together with the reasons that move thee to change;and do not think to steal it.
—Sell all thou hast,and give it to the poor,and follow me:
—You shall read,in some of the friars'books of mortification,…
—if you listen to David's harp,you shall hear as many hearse-like airs as carols;
② 其它第二人稱代詞用法舉例:
—In the discharge of thy place,set before thee the best examples;
— and do not drive away such,as bring thee information,as meddlers;but accept of them in good part.
— Therefore measure not thine advancements,by quantity,but frame them by measure:
2.培根《隨筆集》用詞特點(diǎn)
1)上文談到,《隨筆集》用早期現(xiàn)代英語寫作,在遣詞造句方面,培根用詞莊重,多用大詞(big word)及高雅詞匯,這也是該作品閱讀起來較為困難的另一個(gè)原因。比如文章中出現(xiàn)的abode,abstruse,adust,alacrity,amplitude,apothecaries,circumspect,marshalling,sloth等詞匯,請(qǐng)看以下幾個(gè)例句:
— Lucullus answered,Why,do you not think me as wise as some fowl are,that ever change their abode towards the winter
— But if it be stopped,and cannot have his way,it becometh adust,and thereby malign and venomous.
— Ambition is like choler;which is an humor that maketh men active,earnest,full of alacrity,and stirring,if it be not stopped.
—it is in the power of princes or estates,to add amplitude and greatness to their kingdoms;
—let them be lions,but yet lions under the throne;being circumspect that they do not check or oppose any points of sovereignty.
2)在早期現(xiàn)代英語的規(guī)范化過程中,一些詞匯的意義發(fā)生了變化,還有一些詞匯在當(dāng)代英語中已廢棄不用,成為obsolete(廢棄詞),這些現(xiàn)象,在《隨筆集》中也有較多體現(xiàn),如advoutresses,arietations,aversation等,要完全讀懂相關(guān)內(nèi)容,需借助較為專業(yè)的工具書才行。
— This kind of danger,is then to be feared chiefly,when the wives have plots,for the raising of their own children;or else that they be advoutresses.
— Secondly,the strength of the percussion;wherein likewise ordnance do exceed all arietations and ancient inventions.
— For it is most true,that a natural and secret hatred,and aversation towards society,in any man,hath somewhat of the savage beast;
3)在文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期,英語逐步取代拉丁語,進(jìn)入英國(guó)社會(huì)的各個(gè)領(lǐng)域,但在科學(xué)、學(xué)術(shù)領(lǐng)域拉丁語仍占有重要地位。拉丁語對(duì)英語的影響是深遠(yuǎn)的,培根的許多重要哲學(xué)著作均是用拉丁語寫作,培根《隨筆集》雖然是用英語寫作,但其中仍出現(xiàn)大量拉丁語句子和詞匯。粗略統(tǒng)計(jì),《隨筆集》中拉丁語詞匯達(dá)554個(gè),占其總詞匯量的10%,涉及到其中40多篇文章,占比達(dá)70%。在Of Death一篇文章中涉及到的拉丁語句子就達(dá)九處之多。這些拉丁語句子和詞匯也給當(dāng)代英語讀者帶來了很大困難?,F(xiàn)舉例如下:
— And by him that spake only as a philosopher,and natural man,it was well said,Pompa mortis magis terret,quam mors ipsa.
— Augustus Caesar died in a compliment;Livia,conjugii nostri memor,vive et vale.
— Et conversus Deus,ut aspiceret opera quae fecerunt manus suae,vidit quod omnia essent bona nimis;and then the sabbath.
— Lucan noteth well the state of Rome before the Civil War,Hinc usura vorax,rapidumque in tempore foenus,Hinc concussa fides,et multis utile bellum.
— So with Solomon,F(xiàn)ons turbatus,et vena corrupta,est justus cadens in causa sua coram adversario.
王佐良先生在《英國(guó)文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期文學(xué)史》中談到培根的散文時(shí)說:“文學(xué)之史必須重視培根,還因?yàn)樗且粋€(gè)語言大師”。又說:“在一個(gè)意義上,培根的《隨筆》是獨(dú)一無二的”,給予了很高的評(píng)價(jià)。培根《隨筆集》內(nèi)容涉及范圍廣泛,短小精悍,語言言簡(jiǎn)意賅,其名言警句對(duì)世界及我國(guó)廣大讀者產(chǎn)生了深遠(yuǎn)的影響。但因其保留了諸多早期現(xiàn)代英語的特點(diǎn),對(duì)當(dāng)代中國(guó)讀者來說,在詞匯等方面存在諸多困難。通過對(duì)其詞匯特點(diǎn)進(jìn)行分析、歸納,將有助于我們更好地閱讀、理解這部珍貴的文學(xué)作品。
[1]Bowen,Catherine Drinker.Francis Bacon :The Temper of a Man[M].New York:Fordham University Press,1993.
[2]Halliday,M A K.Spoken and Written English[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,1989.
[3]Terttu Nevalainen.An Introduction to Early Modern English [M ]. Edinburgh University Press Ltd,2006.
[4]曹明倫.培根隨筆全集[M].南京:鳳凰出版?zhèn)髅郊瘓F(tuán)譯林出版社,2010.
[5]王佐良,何其莘.英國(guó)文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期文學(xué)史[M].北京:外語教學(xué)與研究出版社,2006.