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      記憶:騙你沒商量

      2012-04-29 00:00:00byJoelStein/宋曉璐
      新東方英語 2012年10期

      我們借由記憶回顧往事,構(gòu)建自我,以為自己就是記憶中的那個(gè)樣子。殊不知,記憶會(huì)騙人,而且不會(huì)留下蛛絲馬跡。渾然不覺中,記憶會(huì)夸大我們過去歷經(jīng)的磨難,縮小我們過去犯下的錯(cuò)誤,將發(fā)生過的事從我們頭腦中抹去,將不曾發(fā)生的事安在我們頭上。不信?翻翻自己若干年前的錄像、日志,又或是進(jìn)行一個(gè)簡單的網(wǎng)絡(luò)搜索,你就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn):記憶騙你沒商量。

      I’ve always been proud that my columns are 100% accurate, which isn’t all that hard since I write only about me. But it turns out that I’m an awful source. I get dates and places wrong. I replace former girlfriends with my lovely wife Cassandra in many stories, despite the fact that after 14 years together it would be far more exciting to do the opposite. I know about these errors because camp friends e-mail me corrections, IMDb.com shows that the movie I thought Cassandra and I went to see together had left theaters before we met, and the mullet1) photos of me on the Internet prove that I could not have lost my virginity at 17.

      It is a universal truth among journalists that nothing ruins a story like reporting. You hear an insane fact, like Newt Gingrich2) is still running for President. A few phone calls later, you find out he’s actually just sleeping 13 hours a day and forgetting to take his name off ballots3). The problem is, our own personal stories are now being reported. That night we fell in love instantly with our spouse? There’s a wall post on our Facebook Timeline4) and a Gmail to our best friend about how we weren’t sure if we wanted a second date. If I tell my son that I walked six miles in the snow to school, he’ll GPS it on his Google Goggles5) and tell me it was only 1.7 miles. Then he’ll spend a lot of time on Wikipedia trying to figure out what this pre-global-warming “snow” stuff was.

      My dad recently dug up some 16-mm films from my childhood, and I realized all kinds of things I was sure of from photos and stories were wrong: my house was smaller, we vacationed in different places, my dad’s family was around more, my mom dressed inappropriately, and people in the early 1970s were unable to make any noise whatsoever. My son won’t have to dig up old movies since, like every other parent I know, I have 10 iPhone photos of him from every hour I’ve been with him. Not because I love him. Because I’m bored.

      If, as Nietzsche6) said, truth is merely our irrefutable error and if the Internet is a huge refuting machine, then we’re all running out of truths. For all of history, we’ve knitted7) facts together until they formed stories that fit our identity. Now there will be no more Jay Gatsbys8), no more Don Drapers9). Which means there will be nothing for the 1%10) to talk about at parties. It also means that we’ll have our confidence crushed by facing our actual selves instead of the characters we’ve built through our 1 stories. Sure, all of this was said in The Iceman Cometh11) in 1939, but that was a long, depressing play. People will actually notice this, because it will come in two-minute YouTube clips in which there are no characters besides ourselves.

      I ran12) this dystopic13) future by Elizabeth Loftus14), a psychologist famous for her research on 1 memories, including experiments in which she convinced adults they were lost in a mall as children and got people to eat healthier by tricking them into believing they once got sick from ice cream. She thinks a future of constantly realizing our stories are wrong will be a happy one. “It should make us more tolerant when we hear people say things that we don’t think are true, because it doesn’t necessarily mean they’re lying,” she says. “It will be better for relationships. It’s going to make things better for justice.” In the future, when Mitt Romney15) says that he went to the Golden Jubilee16) of the invention of the car with his father, which took place nine months before he was born, or that he joined his dad on a march with Martin Luther King Jr., something his dad never did, we won’t make fun of him for lying. We’ll make fun of him for not getting to spend any time with his dad.

      The point is that the information avalanche17) should make us a little less entrenched18), a little more easily swayed. Also, you never laughed as hard as you did at the first paragraph of this column. There’s no need to reread it.

      我的專欄內(nèi)容百分之百的準(zhǔn)確真實(shí),對此我一直引以為傲。做到這一點(diǎn)并不那么困難,因?yàn)槲抑粚懽约旱氖?。然而事?shí)證明,我作為信息來源極不靠譜。我會(huì)把時(shí)間與地點(diǎn)搞錯(cuò)。在很多故事里,我會(huì)把前任女友寫成是我可愛的老婆卡珊德拉——盡管在與老婆共同生活14年后,我覺得把兩者顛倒過來會(huì)令我更加振奮。我之所以知道自己犯了這些錯(cuò)誤,是因?yàn)槁稜I時(shí)結(jié)識的朋友給我發(fā)來電子郵件更正我的說法;互聯(lián)網(wǎng)電影資料庫上的信息顯示,我自認(rèn)為和卡珊德拉一起看過的那部電影在我倆相識之前就已經(jīng)從電影院下線;而我在網(wǎng)上的一張留著“胭脂魚”發(fā)型的照片證明,我在17歲時(shí)絕對還是一個(gè)童男。

      記者們普遍認(rèn)同一個(gè)真理:沒有什么東西能像報(bào)道那樣毀滅故事。比如,你聽到一件荒誕的事兒:紐特·金瑞奇還在競選總統(tǒng)。然而幾通電話過后,你發(fā)現(xiàn)事實(shí)上他是因?yàn)槊刻煲?3個(gè)小時(shí),而忘了把自己的名字從候選人名單上刪掉而已。但問題在于,我們個(gè)人的故事現(xiàn)在也會(huì)被“報(bào)道”毀滅。我們那晚是對自己的另一半一見鐘情嗎?但Facebook時(shí)間軸留言墻上的一個(gè)帖子和發(fā)給好友的Gmail郵件都表明,當(dāng)時(shí)我們根本就不確定是否還想和對方進(jìn)行第二次約會(huì)。如果我跟兒子說我上學(xué)時(shí)要在雪地里走六英里才能到達(dá)學(xué)校,他會(huì)用谷歌的Goggles程序定位這段路程,然后告訴我那段路只有1.7英里。之后,他會(huì)在維基百科上花大量時(shí)間,試圖弄清楚全球變暖之前的“雪地”到底是什么情況。

      我爸爸最近翻出了拍攝于我兒時(shí)的幾段16毫米錄像膠片??催^后我才意識到,我從照片和別人講述的故事里了解到的那些我確信無疑的事情原來都是錯(cuò)的:我家的房子要更小,我們曾在不同的地方度假,父親的親戚來串門的頻率比我印象中高,媽媽的穿著不得體,20世紀(jì)70年代早期的人們無論如何也不會(huì)制造噪音。我的兒子將來就不需要翻出這樣的舊錄像來看了,因?yàn)槲遗c其他我所認(rèn)識的父母一樣,每次只要跟兒子待一個(gè)小時(shí),就會(huì)用iPhone手機(jī)給他拍十張照片。這不是因?yàn)槲覑鬯?,而是因?yàn)槲腋械綗o聊。

      如果像尼采說的那樣,真相是我們無法辯駁的錯(cuò)誤,如果因特網(wǎng)是個(gè)大型的“辯駁機(jī)器”,那么這個(gè)世界很快就無真相可言了。自有史以來,我們一直習(xí)慣于將所有事實(shí)編織到一起,直至它們構(gòu)成符合我們特征的故事。但現(xiàn)在,不會(huì)再出現(xiàn)自欺欺人的蓋茨比,也不會(huì)再有謊話連篇的唐·德雷珀了。這意味著美國最富有的上流社會(huì)人士在聚會(huì)時(shí)將無話可談。這也意味著我們的自信會(huì)被擊得粉碎,因?yàn)槲覀儾坏貌幻鎸φ鎸?shí)的自我,而非我們通過虛構(gòu)的故事捏造出來的自我。當(dāng)然,1939年的《送冰的人來了》已經(jīng)提到過以上所有這些,但那部戲太長也太壓抑。其實(shí)人們將會(huì)自行注意到這一點(diǎn),因?yàn)樗鼘⒊霈F(xiàn)在YouTube上那些兩分鐘長的視頻短片里,短片中的唯一角色就是我們自己。

      我所講述的記憶錯(cuò)位的未來源自伊麗莎白·洛夫特斯的描述。洛夫特斯是一位以研究錯(cuò)誤記憶而聞名的心理學(xué)家,她的研究中包括一些實(shí)驗(yàn),在這些實(shí)驗(yàn)中,她使成年人相信自己小時(shí)候曾在商場里迷過路,還通過哄騙手段讓人們相信自己曾因?yàn)槌员苛苌^病,以此讓他們選擇健康的飲食。她認(rèn)為,如果未來人們能不斷認(rèn)識到自己的記憶會(huì)出錯(cuò),那將是一件美好的事情。“這樣的話,當(dāng)我們聽到別人陳述一些我們認(rèn)為并不屬實(shí)的事情時(shí),我們會(huì)變得更加寬容,因?yàn)檫@不一定意味著他們在撒謊,”她說,“這更有利于人際關(guān)系的和諧,這樣也更公平?!睂恚绻滋亍ち_姆尼說他和父親一起參加了汽車發(fā)明50周年慶典(該慶典實(shí)際上發(fā)生在他出生九個(gè)月前),或者他和父親跟隨馬丁·路德·金一起游行(他父親從來沒參與過這事兒),我們也不會(huì)因?yàn)樗鲋e而取笑他,我們只會(huì)笑他從來沒有時(shí)間與父親在一起。

      我要說的是,不斷涌來的海量信息讓我們不再那么確信無疑,而是變得更加搖擺不定。另外,你讀這篇專欄文章的第一段時(shí),笑得絕對沒有你記憶中的那么厲害。不過你沒必要回頭再讀一遍。

      1.mullet [?m?l?t] n. “胭脂魚”發(fā)型。這是一種前面及兩側(cè)頭發(fā)短、腦后頭發(fā)長的男士發(fā)型,流行于20世紀(jì)80年代的西方國家。

      2.Newt Gingrich:紐特·金瑞奇(1943~),美國政治家,生于賓夕法尼亞州首府哈里斯堡。由于競選資金缺乏、在共和黨內(nèi)初選結(jié)果不理想等原因,2012年5月2日,金瑞奇正式宣布退出2012年美國總統(tǒng)競選。

      3.ballot [?b?l?t] n. 候選人名單

      4.Facebook Timeline:Facebook網(wǎng)站的時(shí)間軸功能,這是Facebook于2011年9月底推出的個(gè)人主頁服務(wù)。這一時(shí)間軸使得Facebook用戶能夠更便捷地、更有個(gè)性地突出自己更新的視頻、照片以及文字等,能夠更便捷地分享個(gè)人的生活故事。

      5.Google Goggles:谷歌推出的一款手機(jī)專用的有趣應(yīng)用程序,它是一款圖形搜索工具,直接輸入手機(jī)拍攝的照片便能查到照片里物體的資訊,同時(shí)該程序還具有GPS定位的功能。

      6.Nietzsche:即弗里德里?!ねつ岵?Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche, 1844~1900),德國著名哲學(xué)家,西方現(xiàn)代哲學(xué)的開創(chuàng)者,同時(shí)也是卓越的詩人和散文家。

      7.knit [n?t] vt. (將事實(shí)、觀點(diǎn)等)緊密結(jié)合起來

      8.Jay Gatsby:指美國著名小說《了不起的蓋茨比》(The Great Gatsby)里的主角杰伊·蓋茨比?!读瞬黄鸬纳w茨比》講述的是揮金如土的大富翁蓋茨比隱秘的世界。他的內(nèi)心始終掛念他的舊日戀人黛西——一位凡塵俗世的物質(zhì)女郎。盡管黛西一再背叛他,然而他對黛西及他們的感情復(fù)合自始至終都抱有幻想。

      9.Don Draper:唐·德雷珀,美劇《廣告狂人》(Mad Men)中的主角,在劇中他是曼哈頓Sterling Cooper公司的創(chuàng)意總監(jiān),為人狡猾,謊話連篇。

      10.the 1%:指美國最富有的那部分上流人士

      11.The Iceman Cometh:《送冰的人來了》,美國劇作家尤金·奧尼爾于1939年寫就的悲劇作品,講述一群失業(yè)者終日沉浸在幻想之中,無法勇敢面對現(xiàn)實(shí),只能以喝酒聊天度日,以獲得心靈的平靜。

      12.run [r?n] vt. 說過,說道

      13.dystopic [d?s?tɑ?p?k] adj. 異位的,錯(cuò)位的

      14.Elizabeth Loftus:伊麗莎白·洛夫特斯(1944~),記憶研究領(lǐng)域的領(lǐng)軍專家,在研究錯(cuò)誤記憶的本質(zhì)與產(chǎn)生、誤報(bào)的后果以及目擊證人的記憶等方面取得了很大成就。

      15.Mitt Romney:米特·羅姆尼(1947~), 2012年美國共和黨的總統(tǒng)候選人

      16.Golden Jubilee:50周年紀(jì)念日

      17.avalanche [??v?lɑ?nt?] n. 大量,巨大的數(shù)量

      18.entrench [?n?trent?] vt. 確立,使處于牢固地位

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