在我們所處的時代里,人們抱著這樣一個信念:只要我們愿意,我們可以在任何時刻重塑自我。于是,我們憑借自己的想象重新詮釋了那些偉大思想者的至理名言。他們就這樣以被詮釋后的形象站在我們面前——性格的復(fù)雜性沒有了,政治立場消失了,對變革之艱辛的領(lǐng)悟不存在了。
In a coffee shop not long ago, I saw a mug with an inscription from Henry David Thoreau1): “Go confidently in the direction of your dreams! Live the life you’ve imagined.”
At least it said the words were Thoreau’s. But the attribution seemed a bit suspect. Thoreau, after all, was not known for his liberal use of exclamation points2). When I got home, I looked up the passage (it’s from Walden3)): “I learned this, at least, by my experiment: that if one advances confidently in the direction of his dreams, and endeavors to live the life which he has imagined, he will meet with a success unexpected in common hours.”
Now Thoreau isn’t quite saying that each of us can actually live the life we’ve imagined. He’s saying that if we try, we’ll come closer to it than we might ordinarily think possible. I suppose that the people responsible for the coffee mug would say that they’d merely tweaked4) the wording of the original a little. But in the tweaking, not only was the syntax lost, but the subtlety as well.
Gandhi’s words have been tweaked a little too in recent years. Perhaps you’ve noticed a bumper5) sticker6) that purports to quote him: “Be the change you wish to see in the world.” When you first come across it, this does sound like something Gandhi would have said. But when you think about it a little, it starts to sound more like ... a bumper sticker. Displayed brightly on the back of a Prius, it suggests that your responsibilities begin and end with your own behavior. It’s apolitical, and a little smug7).
Sure enough, it turns out there is no reliable documentary evidence for the quotation. The closest verifiable remark we have from Gandhi is this: “If we could change ourselves, the tendencies in the world would also change. As a man changes his own nature, so does the attitude of the world change towards him.... We need not wait to see what others do.”
Here, Gandhi is telling us that personal and social transformation go hand in hand, but there is no suggestion in his words that personal transformation is enough. In fact, for Gandhi, the struggle to bring about a better world involved not only stringent8) self-denial and rigorous adherence to the philosophy of nonviolence; it also involved a steady awareness that one person, alone, can’t change anything, an awareness that unjust authority can be overturned only by great numbers of people working together with discipline and persistence.
When you start to become aware of these bogus9) quotations, you can’t stop finding them. Henry James10), George Eliot11), Picasso—all of them are being kept alive in popular culture through pithy, cheery sayings they never actually said.
My favorite example of the fanciful quotation is a passage that’s been floating around the internet for years. It’s frequently attributed to Nelson Mandela, the former South African president, and said to be an excerpt from his 1994 inaugural address.
“Our deepest fear,” the passage goes, “is not that we are inadequate. Our deepest fear is that we are powerful beyond measure. It is our light, not our darkness, that most frightens us. We ask ourselves,‘Who am I to be brilliant, gorgeous, talented, fabulous?’Actually, who are you not to be? You are a child of God. Your playing small does not serve the world.... As we are liberated from our own fear, our presence automatically liberates others.”
Picture it: Mr. Mandela, newly free after 27 years in prison, using his inaugural platform to inform us that we all have the right to be gorgeous, talented and fabulous, and that thinking so will liberate others. It’s hard to imagine it without laughing. Of course, it turns out it’s not actually an excerpt from this or any other known address of Mr. Mandela’s. In fact, the words aren’t even his; they belong to a self-help guru12), Marianne Williamson13).
Thoreau, Gandhi, Mandela—it’s easy to see why their words and ideas have been massaged into gauzy slogans. They were inspirational figures, dreamers of beautiful dreams. But what goes missing in the slogans is that they were also sober, steely men. Each of them knew that thoroughgoing14) change, whether personal or social, involves humility and sacrifice, and that the effort to change oneself or the world always exacts15) a price.
But ours is an era in which it’s believed that we can reinvent ourselves whenever we choose. So we recast the wisdom of the great thinkers in the shape of our illusions. Shorn16) of their complexities, their politics, their grasp of the sheer arduousness of change, they stand before us now. They are shiny from their makeovers, they are fabulous and gorgeous, and they want us to know that we can have it all.
不久前,在一家咖啡店里,我看到一個杯子上印著亨利·戴維·梭羅說的一句話:“充滿自信地追求你的夢想!過你夢想中的生活?!?/p>
至少,杯子上寫著這句話是梭羅說的。但是,這一出處卻多少有些令人懷疑。畢竟大家都知道,梭羅不是那種動不動就用感嘆號的人。從咖啡店回到家后,我查到了這樣一段話(來自梭羅的《瓦爾登湖》):“至少,從我個人的經(jīng)歷來看,我領(lǐng)悟到了一點:如果一個人充滿自信地朝著夢想的方向前進(jìn),努力地過他夢想中的生活,那么他將在不經(jīng)意間收獲意想不到的成功?!?/p>
這樣看來,梭羅之意并非我們每個人都真的能過上夢想中的生活。他只是說,如果努力去做,那我們離夢想中的生活就會比預(yù)期的更近一些。我想,設(shè)計咖啡杯的人可能會說,他們只是把原話的措辭稍微改變了一下而已。然而,就是在這措辭的變換之間,不僅原句的句法結(jié)構(gòu)改變了,其精妙意蘊也消失不見了。
近年來,甘地的話也遭到了輕度的篡改?;蛟S,你曾在汽車保險杠的貼紙上看到過這樣的標(biāo)語:“要想改變世界,那就先改變自己?!边@句話聲稱是援引甘地的名言。要是第一次聽到,你會覺得這句話的確像是甘地可能會說的話。但是,只要稍微細(xì)想一下,你就會覺得這句話聽起來更像是……保險杠貼紙上的話而已。寫有這句話的貼紙明晃晃地貼在普銳斯汽車的后保險杠上,它是在暗示:你要為自己的行為負(fù)責(zé)。這與政治無關(guān),而且還有點兒洋洋自得的意味。
意料之中的是,經(jīng)查證,這句引言果然沒有可靠的文字證據(jù)。在經(jīng)證實的確是甘地說的原話中,我們找到的與這句話最相似的一句話是這樣說的:“如果我們能夠改變自己,那么世界的趨勢也會發(fā)生變化。如果一個人能夠改變自己的性格,那么世人對待他(她)的態(tài)度也將發(fā)生改變……我們無需觀望別人的行動?!?/p>
在這里,甘地是在告訴我們:個人的改變與社會的變遷是緊密相連的。但他這句話的字里行間絲毫沒有表明這一點:只要個人改變就足夠了。事實上,對于甘地來說,要為建立一個更好的世界而奮斗,不僅要嚴(yán)厲克制一己私欲,嚴(yán)格遵守非暴力主義;而且還要堅信僅靠個人的力量是無法改變?nèi)魏问虑榈?,要堅信只有無數(shù)民眾共同奮斗,堅守紀(jì)律,堅持不懈,才能顛覆不公正的政權(quán)。
一旦你開始意識到這些虛假引言的存在,就會不斷地發(fā)現(xiàn)它們的蹤跡。亨利·詹姆斯、喬治·艾略特、畢加索——所有這些人都因一些他們從未說過的箴言妙語而在大眾文化中活躍著。
在這些天馬行空地引用名言的例子當(dāng)中,我最喜歡的一個是已在網(wǎng)上流傳多年的一段話。人們常常以為這段話摘自南非前總統(tǒng)納爾遜·曼德拉于1994年發(fā)表的就職演講。
那段話是這樣說的:“最令我們恐懼的,不是我們不夠強大,而是我們的力量無法估量。最令我們恐懼的,不是我們的邪念,而是我們的光芒。我們問自己,‘我怎么會如此聰明、美麗、才華橫溢、光彩照人?’事實上,有什么是你做不到的呢?你是上帝之子。你若妄自菲薄,將于社會無益……只要我們能從自身的恐懼中解脫出來,我們的存在自會令他人得以解脫。”
設(shè)想一下:剛剛結(jié)束27年牢獄生涯、重獲自由的曼德拉先生,站在他的就職演講臺上,告誡我們說我們每個人都有權(quán)利成為美麗、才華橫溢和光彩照人之人,而且只要我們抱著這樣的想法,我們就能解放他人。這樣的畫面難免讓人忍俊不禁。當(dāng)然,事實也證明,這段話其實并非摘自曼德拉先生的就職演講,或他的其他任何著名演講。實際上,這段話根本就不是曼德拉說的,而是出自一位勵志導(dǎo)師瑪麗安妮·威廉森之口。
從梭羅到甘地再到曼德拉——他們的話語或思想被編進(jìn)各種膚淺的標(biāo)語中,其實這并不難理解。因為他們是靈魂的啟蒙者,是美好夢想的締造者。但那些標(biāo)語未能體現(xiàn)的是,他們同時也是冷靜和堅定之人。他們都清楚,徹底的改變——無論是個人的還是社會的——都需要謙卑和犧牲:而為改變自我或改變世界而付出的努力,往往需要付出代價。
然而,在我們所處的時代里,人們抱著這樣一個信念:只要我們愿意,我們可以在任何時刻重塑自我。于是,我們憑借自己的想象重新詮釋了那些偉大思想者的至理名言。他們就這樣以被詮釋后的形象站在我們面前——性格的復(fù)雜性沒有了,政治立場消失了,對變革之艱辛的領(lǐng)悟不存在了。他們臉上涂脂抹粉、熠熠生輝、光彩照人、美麗炫目,然后他們想讓我們知道,我們可以擁有一切。
1.Henry David Thoreau:亨利·戴維·梭羅(1817~1862),19世紀(jì)美國最具影響力的作家、思想家和自然主義者
2.exclamation point:(也作exclamation mark)感嘆號
3.Walden:《瓦爾登湖》,亨利·戴維·梭羅所著的第一本散文集,出版于1854年。在該書中,梭羅詳盡描述了他在瓦爾登湖畔一片再生林中生活兩年多的經(jīng)歷和感悟。
4.tweak [twi#720;k] vt. 對……作微調(diào)
5.bumper [#712;b#652;mp#601;(r)] n. (機動車的)保險杠
6.sticker [#712;st#618;k#601;(r)] n. 涂有膠或粘著劑的標(biāo)簽或紙片
7.smug [sm#652;ɡ] adj. 自鳴得意的
8.stringent [#712;str#618;nd#658;(#601;)nt] adj. 嚴(yán)厲的,嚴(yán)格的
9.bogus [#712;b#601;#650;ɡ#601;s] adj.〈美〉假的,偽造的
10.Henry James:亨利·詹姆斯(1843~1916),美國編劇、作家,代表作有《黛西·米勒》(Daisy Miller)、《貴婦畫像》(The Portrait of a Lady)、《金碗》(The Golden Bowl)等。
11.George Eliot:喬治·艾略特(1819~1880),英國小說家,與狄更斯和薩克雷齊名,代表作有《弗洛斯河上的磨坊》(The Mill on the Floss)、《米德爾馬契》(Middlemarch)等。
12.guru [#712;ɡ#650;ru#720;] n. 導(dǎo)師,倡導(dǎo)者
13.Marianne Williamson:瑪麗安妮·威廉森(1952~),美國暢銷書作家,全球知名的勵志導(dǎo)師
14.thoroughgoing [#716;θ#652;r#601;#712;ɡ#601;#650;#618;#331;] adj. 徹底的,全面的
15.exact [#618;ɡ#712;zaelig;kt] vt. 要求,強求
16.shear [#643;#618;#601;(r)] vt. 剝奪,奪去