過度捕撈海洋魚類、任意傾倒污水污物、肆意鉆探采礦……拜人類這些破壞性活動所賜,海洋在短短幾十年間從快樂的“伊甸園”變成了傷痕累累的“失樂園”。海洋生物銳減、冰川融化、海水酸化等一系列問題正威脅著海洋的健康發(fā)展。如果你還以為這一切與你無關,那么海洋生物學家西爾維亞·厄爾會以她的親身經(jīng)歷告訴你:如果一切照舊,人類的生命保障系統(tǒng)將不復存在。
Fifty years ago, when I began exploring the ocean, no one imagined that we could do anything to harm the ocean by what we put into it or by what we took out of it. It seemed, at that time, to be a sea of Eden, but now we are facing paradise lost. I want to share with you my personal view of changes in the sea that affect all of us and to consider why it matters that in 50 years we’ve lost more than 90 percent of the big fish in the sea, why you should care that nearly half of the coral reefs1) have disappeared, why a mysterious depletion2) of oxygen in large areas of the Pacific should concern not only the creatures that are dying but it really should concern you.
The poet Auden3) said, “Thousands have lived without love. None without water.” Ninety-seven percent of Earth’s water is ocean. No blue, no green. If you think the ocean isn’t important, imagine Earth without it. Mars comes to mind. No ocean. No life support system. With every drop of water you drink, every breath you take, you’re connected to the sea. Most of the oxygen in the atmosphere is generated by the sea. Over time, most of the planet’s organic carbon has been absorbed and stored there, mostly by microbes4). The ocean drives climate and weather, stabilizes temperature, shapes Earth’s chemistry. Water from the sea forms clouds that return to the land and the seas as rain, sleet5) and snow, and provides home for about 97 percent of life in the world. No water, no life. Yet we have this idea that the Earth—all of it: the oceans, the skies—are so vast and so resilient6) that it doesn’t matter what we do to it. That may have been true 10,000 years ago, and maybe even 1,000 years ago but in the last 100, especially in the last 50, we’ve drawn down7) the assets—the air, the water, the wildlife—that make our lives possible.
Just ten years ago I stood on the ice at the North Pole. An ice-free Arctic Ocean may happen in this century. That’s bad news for the polar bears. That’s bad news for us too. Excess carbon dioxide8) is not only driving global warming, it’s also changing ocean chemistry, making the sea more acidic9). That’s bad news for coral reefs and oxygen-producing plankton10). Also bad news for us. We’re putting hundreds of millions of tons of plastic and other trash into the sea, millions of tons of discarded fishing nets, gear that continues to kill. We’re clogging11) the ocean, poisoning the planet’s circulatory12) system, and we’re taking out hundreds of millions of tons of wildlife, all carbon-based units. Barbarically13), we’re killing sharks for shark fin soup, undermining food chains that shape planetary chemistry and drive the carbon cycle, the nitrogen cycle14), the oxygen cycle, the water cycle, our life support system. We’re still killing bluefin tuna15)—truly endangered, and much more valuable alive than dead. All of these parts are part of our life support system. We kill them using long lines, with baited hooks16) every few feet that may stretch for 50 miles or more.
In my lifetime, 90 percent of the big fish have been killed. Most of the turtles, sharks, tunas and whales are way down in numbers. But there is good news. 10 percent of the big fish still remain. There are still some blue whales. There are still some krill17) in Antarctica. There are a few oysters in Chesapeake Bay18). Half the coral reefs are still in pretty good shape. There’s still time to turn things around. But business as usual19) means that in 50 years, there may be no coral reefs and no commercial fishing, because the fish will simply be gone. Imagine the ocean without fish. Imagine what that means to our life support system. Natural systems on the land are in big trouble too, but the problems are more obvious, and some actions are being taken to protect trees, watersheds and wildlife. In 1872, with Yellowstone National Park, the United States began establishing a system of parks that some say was the best idea America ever had. About 12 percent of the land around the world is now protected. And in 1972, this nation began to establish a counterpart in the sea, National Marine Sanctuaries20). That’s another great idea. The good news is that there are now more than 4,000 places in the sea around the world that have some kind of protection. The bad news is that you have to look hard to find them. In the last few years, for example, the U.S. protected 340,000 square miles of ocean as national monuments. But it only increased from 0.6 of one percent to 0.8 of one percent of the ocean protected, globally.
With scientists around the world, I’ve been looking at the 99 percent of the ocean that is open to fishing, and mining, and drilling, and dumping, and whatever, to search out hope spots21), and try to find ways to give them and us a secure future. Such as the Arctic—we have one chance, right now, to get it right. Or the Antarctic, where the continent is protected, but the surrounding ocean is being stripped22) of its krill, whales and fish. Sargasso Sea23)’s three million square miles of floating forest is being gathered up to feed cows. 97 percent of the land in the Galapagos Islands24) is protected, but the adjacent sea is being ravaged by fishing. It’s true too in Argentina, on the Patagonian shelf, now in serious trouble.
The next 10 years may be the most important, and the next 10,000 years the best chance our species will have to protect what remains of the natural systems that give us life. To cope with climate change, we need new ways to generate power. We need new ways, better ways, to cope with poverty, wars and disease. We need many things to keep and maintain the world as a better place. But nothing else will matter if we fail to protect the ocean. Our fate and the ocean are one. We need to do for the ocean what Al Gore25) did for the skies above.
And so I suppose you want to know what my wish is. I wish you would use all means at your disposal—films, expeditions, the web, new submarines—a campaign to ignite public support for a global network of marine protected areas, hope spots large enough to save and restore the ocean, the blue heart of the planet. My wish is a big wish, but if we can make it happen, it can truly change the world, and help ensure the survival of what actually—as it turns out—is my favorite species, that would be us.
50年前,我開始探索海洋時,人們都還認為,不管我們往海里扔什么,也不管我們從海里撈取什么,都不會對大海造成任何傷害。那時,大海似乎就是快樂的伊甸園,可現(xiàn)在我們面對的大海卻是失樂園。在此,我想和大家一起分享我的個人見解,探討影響我們每個人的海洋變化,并對如下事實進行思考:在50年的時間里我們失去了海洋中90%以上的大型魚類,這一變化為何非比尋常?將近一半的珊瑚礁都已消失,對此我們?yōu)槭裁匆獓兰雨P注?為什么太平洋大片水域內(nèi)氧氣的神秘耗竭不僅和瀕死的生物關系密切,也和你我息息相關?
詩人奧登曾說過:“沒有愛,成千上萬的人仍然可以存活;沒有水,誰也無法存活?!钡厍蛏?7%的水存在于海洋中。沒有蔚藍的大海,就沒有綠色的地球。如果你覺得海洋并不重要,那就想象一下,沒有它,地球?qū)鯓印D阋苍S會想到火星。那里沒有海洋,也就沒有生命保障系統(tǒng)。你所飲用的每一滴水,你所呼吸的每一口氣,無不和海洋息息相關。大氣層中的大部分氧氣都是由海洋產(chǎn)生的。隨著時間的推移,地球上大部分的有機碳都已被海洋吸收并存積在海洋中,這一過程主要通過微生物來完成。海洋推動著氣候和天氣變化,能夠穩(wěn)定氣溫,決定著地球的化學變化。海水升騰形成云,云又以雨、雪、霰的形式返回陸地和海洋,海水還為地球上97%的生命提供安身之所。沒有水,就沒有生命。然而,我們卻一向認為,地球——包括海洋和天空的完整意義上的地球——如此寬廣、如此充滿活力,不管我們怎么對待它都無關緊要。一萬年以前也許如此,甚至一千年以前或許也是如此。但最近一百年來,特別是近五十年來,我們賴以生存的生命資源卻被我們消耗殆盡,包括空氣、水和野生生物。
就在十年前,我還曾踏上北極的寒冰。但在本世紀,北冰洋可能會變成無冰之洋。這對北極熊而言是壞消息,對我們而言同樣是壞消息。過量的二氧化碳不僅使地球變暖,同時也在改變著海洋的化學性質(zhì),使海水酸性增加。這對珊瑚礁和能夠產(chǎn)生氧氣的浮游生物來說極為不利。對我們也是如此。我們將千百萬噸的塑料和其他垃圾扔進大海,將數(shù)百萬噸的廢棄漁網(wǎng)扔進大?!@些漁具在海中繼續(xù)毀滅著生命。我們把垃圾扔進大海,污染地球的循環(huán)系統(tǒng),從大海中撈取千百萬噸的野生動植物,而它們?nèi)际翘蓟?。為了享用魚翅湯,我們野蠻地獵殺鯊魚,破壞食物鏈,而正是食物鏈決定地球的化學變化,促進碳循環(huán)、氮循環(huán)、氧循環(huán)、水循環(huán)和我們的生命保障系統(tǒng)。我們現(xiàn)在仍然還在捕殺藍鰭金槍魚,一種真的瀕臨滅絕的魚類,讓它們活著的價值要遠遠高于捕殺它們的收益。所有這一切都是我們生命保障系統(tǒng)的一部分。我們用長長的漁線捕殺它們,線上每隔幾英尺就裝有帶餌的魚鉤,長度可達50英里或者更長。
在我出生到現(xiàn)在的幾十年時間里,90%的大型魚類慘遭獵殺。大多數(shù)類型的海龜、鯊魚、金槍魚和鯨魚的數(shù)量急劇減少。但也有好消息。還有10%的大型魚類仍然存活。還有一些藍鯨仍然存活,南極洲仍然還有一些磷蝦,切薩皮克灣仍然還有少數(shù)牡蠣。有一半的珊瑚礁仍然保存完好。我們?nèi)匀挥袝r間來扭轉(zhuǎn)局面。但如果一切照舊,那就意味著50年以后我們將不再有珊瑚礁,也不再有商業(yè)捕魚,因為那時魚類將不復存在。想象一個沒有魚類的海洋將會怎樣。想象那對我們的生命保障系統(tǒng)意味著什么。陸地上的自然系統(tǒng)也出現(xiàn)了很大問題,但那些問題都比較明顯,而且人類也正在采取一些措施保護樹木、水域和野生動植物。1872年,從黃石國家公園入手,美國開始建立一套公園系統(tǒng),有人認為這一系統(tǒng)是美國有史以來最棒的一個設想?,F(xiàn)在世界各地大約有12%的陸地得到了保護。1972年,美國開始在海洋中建立一個類似的保護系統(tǒng),那就是國家海洋保護區(qū)。這是又一個了不起的設想。好消息是全世界海洋中已有超過四千個地方受到了某種保護。壞消息是你必須要努力尋找才能找到這些地方。舉例來說,在過去幾年里,美國保護了34萬平方英里的海洋,把它們劃為國家保護區(qū)。但從全球意義上來說,這一舉措僅僅是將受保護的海洋區(qū)域從0.6個百分點提高到了0.8個百分點。
和世界各地的科學家一起,我一直在關注著海洋中那99%的開放區(qū)域,它們至今仍允許捕魚、采礦、鉆探、傾倒垃圾等等。我一直在從中尋找對海洋健康具有關鍵影響的希望之地,試圖找到一些方法,給它們、也給我們自己一個安全的未來。比如北極地區(qū),我們現(xiàn)在就有一個機會來補救這一切。再比如南極地區(qū),雖然這塊大陸受到保護,但周圍的海洋卻仍在遭受掠奪,正在喪失其中的磷蝦、海鯨和魚類。在馬尾藻海,它那三百萬平方英里的“流動森林”正在被撈取,用來喂奶牛。在加拉帕戈斯群島,97%的陸地得到保護,但周圍的海域卻正遭受漁業(yè)的破壞。在阿根廷的巴塔哥尼亞大陸架上,情況也是如此,問題都很嚴重。
未來的十年也許最為重要,未來的一萬年也許將是人類最好的時機,來保護給予我們生命的殘存的自然體系。為了應對氣候變化,我們需要產(chǎn)生能源的新方法。我們需要更好的新方法來應對貧困、戰(zhàn)爭和疾病。我們需要太多的東西來保護這個世界,使之成為一個更好的安身之所。但是,如果我們不能保護好海洋,所有這一切都無從談起。我們的命運和海洋息息相關。阿爾·戈爾曾為推動大氣環(huán)境的保護傾盡全力,我們也需要像他那樣為海洋環(huán)境的保護盡一己之力。
我想,你們想知道我的愿望是什么。我的愿望就是你們動用一切可以動用的力量——電影、探險、互聯(lián)網(wǎng)、新式潛水艇——來發(fā)動一場運動,點燃公眾的激情,使人人都來支持建立一個全球海洋保護區(qū)網(wǎng)絡,建立足夠大的希望之地,以挽救和恢復海洋,挽救和恢復我們地球的蔚藍心臟。這個愿望是個宏大的愿望,但如果能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn),它將會真正地改變世界,并確保那個事實上我最熱愛的物種得以存活,這個物種就是我們?nèi)祟悺?/p>
1.coral reef:請參見第34頁注釋15。
2.depletion [d#618;#712;pli#720;#643;n] n. 損耗,消耗
3.Auden:指威斯坦·休·奧登(Wystan Hugh Auden, 1907~1973),英裔美國詩人,20世紀最重要的英語詩人之一,新一代詩人代表和左翼青年作家領袖,代表作有《西班牙》(Spain)、《新年書信》(New Year Letter)等。
4.microbe [#712;ma#618;kr#601;#650;b] n. 微生物,細菌
5.sleet [sli#720;t] n. 冰雹,凍雨
6.resilient [r#618;#712;z#618;li#601;nt] adj. 有復原力的,富有活力的,適應性強的
7.draw down:花光,耗盡
8.carbon dioxide:二氧化碳
9.acidic [#601;#712;s#618;d#618;k] adj. 酸性的
10.plankton [#712;plaelig;#331;kt#601;n] n. 浮游生物
11.clog [kl#594;ɡ] vt. 障礙,阻塞
12.circulatory [#716;s#604;#720;kj#601;#712;le#618;t#601;ri] adj. 循環(huán)的
13.barbarically [bɑ#720;#712;baelig;r#618;kli] adv. 毫無約束地,肆無忌憚地
14.nitrogen cycle:氮循環(huán)。氮循環(huán)是指氮在自然界中的循環(huán):大氣中的氮經(jīng)微生物等作用形成化合氮進入土壤,為動植物所利用,最終又在微生物的參與下以單質(zhì)氮的形式返回大氣中。
15.bluefin tuna:藍鰭金槍魚,金槍魚類中最大型的魚種,體長一般為1~3米,大者長達三米多。藍鰭金槍魚分布在北半球溫帶海域,棲息的水溫較低,是生長速度最慢的金槍魚種類,壽命長達20年或以上。
16.baited hook:餌鉤
17.krill [kr#618;l] n. 磷蝦
18.Chesapeake Bay:切薩皮克灣,美國面積最大的海灣,位于美國東部的大西洋海岸。
19.business as usual:一切如常
20.sanctuary:請參見第33頁注釋10。
21.hope spot:希望之地。文中指的是對海洋健康起著關鍵影響的區(qū)域,這樣的區(qū)域因其獨特的地理環(huán)境、生活環(huán)境或擁有獨特的生物物種而應受到全面的保護與管理。
22.strip [str#618;p] vt. 剝奪
23.Sargasso Sea:馬尾藻海,又名薩加索海,是大西洋上沒有岸的海,大致在北緯20°~35°、西經(jīng)35°~70°的位置,該海上生長著大量的漂浮植物馬尾藻。
24.Galapagos Islands:加拉帕戈斯群島,位于太平洋東部,距離南美大陸海岸一千多公里,因為擁有大量保持著原始風貌的獨特生物物種而被稱為“生物進化的活博物館”。
25.Al Gore:阿爾·戈爾,全名為艾伯特·阿諾德·戈爾(Albert Arnold Gore Jr., 1948~),美國政治家、環(huán)境學家,曾于1993~2001年擔任美國副總統(tǒng)。2007年,他因在全球氣候變暖和其他環(huán)境問題上作出的杰出貢獻而獲得了諾貝爾和平獎,著有《難以忽視的真相》(An Inconvenient Truth)一書。