劉友平, 嚴冬梅, 陳川寧, 段春燕, 陳紹坤, 李 洪, 代榮陽△
(瀘州醫(yī)學院1生物化學教研室,2醫(yī)學生物學與遺傳學教研室, 四川 瀘州 646000)
PI3K/Akt調(diào)控內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應激對GRP78的誘導*
劉友平1, 嚴冬梅1, 陳川寧1, 段春燕1, 陳紹坤2, 李 洪1, 代榮陽1△
(瀘州醫(yī)學院1生物化學教研室,2醫(yī)學生物學與遺傳學教研室, 四川 瀘州 646000)
目的研究內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應激條件下PI3K/Akt信號通路對HEK293細胞中葡萄糖調(diào)節(jié)蛋白78(GRP78)表達水平的調(diào)控作用。方法采用PI3K抑制劑LY294002、Akt1失活型突變載體Akt1(K179M)及Akt siRNAs阻斷內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應激介導的Akt活化,采用Akt激活型突變載體Myr-Akt過度激活內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應激介導的Akt活化,并利用RT-PCR和Western blotting技術(shù)分析內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應激條件下PI3K/Akt信號途徑對HEK293細胞中GRP78表達水平的調(diào)控作用。結(jié)果LY294002、Akt1(K179M)及Akt1 siRNA均明顯抑制了內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應激對GRP78的誘導。Myr-Akt1明顯促進內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應激對GRP78的誘導。Myr-Akt2/3及Akt2/3 siRNA對GRP78的誘導均無影響。PI3K/Akt信號通路阻斷或過度激活對GRP78 mRNA水平的誘導無影響,但是對GRP78的降解有顯著影響。結(jié)論HEK293細胞中,PI3K/Akt通過蛋白穩(wěn)定性調(diào)節(jié)促進內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應激對GRP78的誘導。
PI3K/Akt; 葡萄糖調(diào)節(jié)蛋白質(zhì)78; 內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應激; HEK293細胞
內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)(endoplasmic reticulum,ER)是細胞膜蛋白和分泌蛋白加工成熟的主要場所,內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)功能紊亂將導致錯誤折疊和未折疊蛋白在內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)腔內(nèi)聚集,進而引起內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應激(endoplasmic reticulum stress,ER stress)。內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應激時,細胞通過啟動未折疊蛋白反應(unfolded protein response,UPR)特異信號系統(tǒng)抑制蛋白翻譯、促進未折疊蛋白加工成熟和促進錯誤折疊蛋白降解,減輕內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)蛋白負荷并促進細胞重建內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)穩(wěn)態(tài)[1-3]。未折疊蛋白信號系統(tǒng)包括RNA激活蛋白激酶的內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)類似激酶/真核細胞翻譯起始因子2α (RNA-activated protein kinase-like endoplasmic neticulum kinase/eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha,PERK/eIF2α)、激活轉(zhuǎn)錄因子6(activating transcription factor 6,ATF6)和需肌醇酶1/X盒結(jié)合蛋白1 (inositol-requiring enzyme 1/ X-box-binding protein 1,IRE1/XBP1)3條信號途徑[4,5]。未折疊蛋白反應對應激細胞恢復正常功能起重要作用,但是當細胞面臨持續(xù)性內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應激刺激時,未折疊蛋白反應則會啟動凋亡信號清除不能恢復功能的細胞。
PI3K/Akt是調(diào)節(jié)細胞增殖、分化、凋亡和衰老的關(guān)鍵信號途徑[6]。已有研究表明PI3K/Akt途徑對內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應激細胞起重要保護作用[7],但其具體機制還很不清楚。葡萄糖調(diào)節(jié)蛋白78(glucose-regulated protein 78,GRP78)屬于熱休克蛋白70家族成員,其在促進蛋白加工、成熟以及維持內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)穩(wěn)態(tài)中發(fā)揮重要作用[8,9]。多種擾亂內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)功能的刺激均能夠誘導GRP78表達。在未折疊蛋白反應過程中,GRP78的誘導表達對應激細胞抵抗凋亡和恢復正常功能具有重要意義[8,10]。本研究旨在探討PI3K/Akt通路在內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應激對GRP78的誘導中的調(diào)控作用。
1材料
1.1細胞系 人胚腎293細胞株(human embryonic kidney 293 cell line, HEK293 celltine)購于中國科學院上海生命科學研究院。
1.2試劑 毒胡蘿卜素(thapsigargin, TG)和二硫蘇糖醇(dithiothreitol, DTT)購自Sigma;PI3K抑制劑LY294002購自Merck;抗GRP78Ⅰ抗購自Santa Cruz;抗β-actin、HA-tag、p-Akt(Ser473) 和AktⅠ抗購自Cell Signaling Technology;Ⅱ抗購自Santa Cruz。Akt突變激活載體HA-myr-Akt、突變失活載體HA-Akt1(K179M)和空載體pCMV(作對照)由Jin Q. Cheng教授惠贈。
2方法
2.1細胞培養(yǎng)及處理 HEK293細胞株用DMEM 完全培養(yǎng)基(含10 % FBS、20 mmol/L NaHCO3、20 mmol/L HEPES、1×105U/L 青霉素和100 μg/L 鏈霉素)在5 % CO2、37 ℃ 孵箱內(nèi)培養(yǎng),根據(jù)具體情況更換培養(yǎng)基。用TG(1 μmol/L)和DTT(2.5 mmol/L)誘導細胞內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應激,按對應時點收集細胞并作相應檢測。
2.2Western blotting分析 SDS-PAGE電泳分離蛋白質(zhì)后,采用半干式電轉(zhuǎn)移將蛋白分子轉(zhuǎn)移到PVDF膜,電轉(zhuǎn)移結(jié)束后PVDF膜用洗膜緩沖液TBST洗滌3次(5 min/次),封阻緩沖液(5%BSA)在室溫下密閉輕搖動封阻1 h。洗膜緩沖液洗滌3次(5 min/次)后,PVDF膜與Ⅰ抗稀釋液室溫下輕搖動孵育2 h,洗膜緩沖液洗滌3次(5 min/次)。PVDF膜與II抗稀釋液于室溫下輕搖動孵育1 h,洗膜緩沖液洗滌3次(5 min/次)。加入ECL 化學發(fā)光試劑A、B液各0.5 mL,混勻,潤透PVDF膜后室溫作用1 min。暗室中將PVDF膜迅速封入保鮮膜中,Kodak X-ray film 壓片,放射自顯影5 min。X-ray film 置于顯影液中15-30 s,定影液中1.5 min,清水沖洗晾干。
2.3RT-PCR 參照我們的前述方法利用Trizol法提取細胞總RNA,根據(jù)操作流程用M-MLV逆轉(zhuǎn)錄試劑盒進行逆轉(zhuǎn)錄反應得到cDNA[11]。用2% 或4%的瓊脂糖凝膠分離PCR產(chǎn)物。RT-PCR引物序列如下:GRP78上游引物為5’-ATC ACG CCG TCC TAT GTC GC-3’,下游引物為5’-TCT CCC CCT CCC TCT TAT CC-3’;XBP1上游引物為5’-CCT TGT AGT TGA GAA CCA GG-3’,下游引物為5’-GGG GCT TGG TAT ATA TGT GG-3’;18S上游引物為5’-GGG AGG TAG TGA CGA AAA AT-3’,下游引物為5’-ACC AAC AAA ATA GAA CCG CG-3’。
3統(tǒng)計學處理
1HEK293細胞中內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應激介導Akt持續(xù)活化
DTT(2.5 mmol/L)和TG(1 μmol/L)刺激顯著誘導HEK293細胞中葡萄糖調(diào)節(jié)蛋白78的表達(圖1A)和XBP1 mRNA的活化剪切(圖1B),表明DTT和TG能有效誘導HEK293細胞發(fā)生未折疊蛋白反應。圖1C表明DTT和TG刺激均能使Akt在HEK293細胞中保持較長時間的高水平磷酸化,而我們前期的結(jié)果已經(jīng)表明內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應激能夠較快引起肝癌細胞中Akt磷酸化水平下降[11],提示在HEK293細胞中,PI3K/Akt通路對內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應激可能有特殊調(diào)控作用。
2阻斷PI3K/Akt通路抑制內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應激介導的GRP78誘導
已經(jīng)有研究指出PI3K/Akt能夠通過抑制生長阻滯和DNA損傷誘導蛋白153 (growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein 153, GADD153)的誘導對內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應激細胞起保護作用[12,13],而我們的結(jié)果提示在HEK293細胞中,PI3K/Akt對GADD153的誘導無明顯調(diào)控作用(未發(fā)表資料)。值得注意的是,在HEK293細胞中,PI3K抑制劑LY294002預處理明顯抑制了DTT和TG刺激介導的GRP78誘導表達,見圖2,提示在HEK293細胞中,PI3K/Akt通路對GRP78的誘導表達具有重要調(diào)控作用。
Figure 1. Effect of ER stress on the phosphorylation of Akt. A: effect of DTT and TG on GRP78 induction in HEK 293 cells;B: effect of DTT and TG on XBP1 mRNA splicing in HEK 293 cell; C: effect of DTT and TG on the phosphorylation of Akt in HEK 293 cells.
3Akt1調(diào)控內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應激介導的GRP78誘導
鑒于Akt包括Akt1、Akt2和Akt3三種高度保守的同工酶,我們分析了Akt1、Akt2和Akt3在GRP78誘導調(diào)控中的作用。圖3A表明,HA-myr-Akt1瞬時轉(zhuǎn)染明顯促進DTT和TG對GRP78的誘導,而HA-myr-Akt2和HA-myr-Akt3瞬時轉(zhuǎn)染則對GRP78的誘導表達無影響。為了進一步證實Akt1在GRP78表達調(diào)控中的作用,我們分析了突變失活載體Akt1 (K179M)和Akt1 siRNA對GRP78誘導表達的影響。結(jié)果表明Akt1(K179M)和Akt1 siRNA均能顯著抑制DTT和TG對GRP78誘導,見圖3B、C,而Akt2 siRNA和Akt3 siRNA對GRP78的表達均無影響(未發(fā)表資料)。上述結(jié)果表明在HEK293細胞中,PI3K/Akt通路中的Akt1在內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應激介導的GRP78誘導中起重要作用。
Figure 2. LY294002 inhibits ER stress-induced GRP78 accumulation. ±s.n=6. *Plt;0.05 vs control group (0 h) ; #Plt;0.05 vs DTT group or TG group.
Figure 3. Effect of Akt1 on ER stress-induced GRP78 accumulation. A: effect of myr-Akt1/2/3 on GRP78 induction in DTT- and TG-treated HEK293 cells;B: effect of Akt 1(K179M) on GRP78 induction in DTT- and TG-treated HEK293 cells;C: effect of Akt1 siRNA on GRP78 induction in DTT- and TG-treated HEK293 cells±s.n=6.*Plt;0.05 vs control group (0 h) ; #Plt;0.05 vs DTT group or TG group .
4PI3K/Akt調(diào)控GRP78蛋白的穩(wěn)定性
由于內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應激對GRP78的誘導表達主要體現(xiàn)在轉(zhuǎn)錄水平,我們進一步檢測了PI3K/Akt對GRP78轉(zhuǎn)錄水平的影響。結(jié)果表明,LY294002預處理和myr-Akt1瞬時轉(zhuǎn)染均對GRP78 mRNA水平無明顯影響(圖4A、B),這提示Akt對GRP的調(diào)控發(fā)生在蛋白水平。圖4C表明蛋白酶體抑制劑MG132有效阻斷了LY294002對GRP78誘導的抑制作用。上述結(jié)果表明PI3K/Akt通過促進蛋白穩(wěn)定性發(fā)揮對GRP78誘導表達的調(diào)控作用。
內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應激過程中細胞形成了高度保守的自我保護信號轉(zhuǎn)導通路,該信號通路系統(tǒng)稱為未折疊蛋白反應。未折疊蛋白反應通過抑制蛋白合成、促進錯誤折疊蛋白降解等機制保護發(fā)生內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應激的細胞[1-3]。GRP78的誘導表達對內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應激細胞起關(guān)鍵保護作用[8,10]。作為未折疊蛋白反應活化的經(jīng)典標志分子,GRP78不僅是未折疊蛋白反應啟動與否的分子開關(guān),還是促進未折疊蛋白加工成熟和維持內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)內(nèi)穩(wěn)態(tài)的核心分子[8,14,15]。內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應激對GRP78的誘導主要是在轉(zhuǎn)錄水平,ATF6、XBP1和活化轉(zhuǎn)錄因子4(activating transcription factor 4, ATF4)均能誘導GRP78 mRNA表達, 其中ATF6是目前所知最關(guān)鍵的調(diào)控因子[16-18]。
Figure 4. Effect of PI3K/Akt on the stability of GRP78 protein. A: effect of LY294002 on GRP78 mRNA level in DTT- and TG-treated HEK293 cells;B: effect of myr-Akt1 on GRP78 mRNA level in DTT- and TG-treated HEK293 cells;C: effect of MG132 on LY294002-mediated GRP78 induction inhibition in DTT- and TG-treated HEK293 cells. ±s.n=6. *Plt;0.05 vs control group (0 h).LY:LY294002.
PI3K/Akt信號通路不僅在細胞代謝、增殖和存活等多種生物學過程中起關(guān)鍵調(diào)控作用,也對內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應激細胞起重要保護作用[9]。雖然已經(jīng)明確PI3K/Akt信號通路在多種細胞抵抗內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應激誘導的凋亡中起重要作用,但是其分子機制還不太清楚。在已經(jīng)報道的多種細胞中,內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應激能夠引起Akt磷酸化水平迅速下降,而在內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應激性HEK293細胞中,Akt的活化持續(xù)時間較長,這提示Akt對HEK293細胞的內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應激可能有特殊調(diào)控作用。本實驗采用PI3K/Akt信號通路的小分子抑制劑、小RNA干擾和質(zhì)粒轉(zhuǎn)染技術(shù)發(fā)現(xiàn)PI3K/Akt信號途徑對內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應激誘導的GRP78有重要調(diào)控作用。阻斷PI3K/Akt信號通路顯著抑制內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應激誘導的GRP78表達,而上調(diào)PI3K/Akt信號通路活性則促進了內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應激誘導的GRP78表達。而且,進一步的實驗結(jié)果證明,發(fā)揮GRP78誘導調(diào)控作用的是Akt1,而Akt2和Akt3則無調(diào)控作用。雖然現(xiàn)有報道表明內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應激對GRP78的誘導主要體現(xiàn)在轉(zhuǎn)錄水平,但我們的結(jié)果卻發(fā)現(xiàn)PI3K/Akt通路對GRP78誘導的調(diào)控發(fā)生在蛋白水平,并且是通過抑制蛋白酶體對GRP78蛋白的降解,促進其穩(wěn)定性增加以發(fā)揮其調(diào)控作用。
總之,本實驗發(fā)現(xiàn)在HEK293細胞中,PI3K/Akt信號通路通過調(diào)控蛋白穩(wěn)定性,在內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應激誘導GRP78表達增加中發(fā)揮重要作用,其具體分子機制有待進一步研究。
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PI3K/Aktregulatesendoplasmicreticulumstress-mediatedGRP78induction
LIU You-ping1, YAN Dong-mei1, CHEN Chuan-ning1, DUAN Chun-yan1, CHEN Shao-kun2, LI Hong1, DAI Rong-yang1
(1DepartmentofBiochemistry,2DepartmentofBiologyandGenetics,LuzhouMedicalCollege,Luzhou646000,China.E-mail:dryrun2502@163.com)
AIM: To investigate the effect of PI3K/Akt pathway on endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-mediated glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) induction in human embryonic kidney 293 cells (HEK293) cells.METHODSPI3K inhibitor LY294002, dominant negative kinase-dead mutant vector for HA-Akt (K179M) and Akt1 siRNAs were used to block the PI3K/Akt pathway under ER stress. Constitutively active expression vectors for Akt (myr-HA-Akt) were used to up-regulate Akt activity under ER stress. The effects of PI3K/Akt on ER stress-mediated GRP78 induction in HEK293 cells were determined by Western blotting and RT-PCR.RESULTSGRP78 induction was inhibited by LY294002, Akt1 (K179M) and Akt1 siRNA, but was increased by myr-Akt1 in dithiothreitol-and thapsigargin-treated HEK293 cells. However, both myr-Akt2/3 and Akt2/3 siRNA had no effect on GRP78 induction in HEK293 cells under ER stress. Furthermore, the PI3K/Akt pathway didn’t regulated GRP78mRNA induction but increased GRP78 protein stability.CONCLUSIONPI3K/Akt promotes GRP78 accumulation through increasing the stability of GRP78 protein in HEK293 cells under ER stress.
PI3K/Akt; Glucose-regulated protein 78; Endoplasmic reticulum stress; HEK293 cells
1000-4718(2011)04-0749-06
R735.7; Q255
A
10.3969/j.issn.1000-4718.2011.04.024
2010-10-18
2011-01-19
國家自然科學基金資助項目(No.81000886);四川省教育廳科技基金資助項目(No.09ZA050);四川省衛(wèi)生廳科技基金資助項目(No.2007-431)
△通訊作者 Tel:0830-3160283;E-mail: dryrun2502@163.com