褚忠華, 劉 璐, 來 偉, 李守峰, 曾育杰, 關(guān)玉峰
(1中山大學孫逸仙紀念醫(yī)院胃腸外科,廣東廣州510120;2廣州市番禺中心醫(yī)院普通外科,廣東廣州511400)
肝再生磷酸酶-3(phosphatase of regenerating liver-3,PRL-3)是近年來發(fā)現(xiàn)的一種具有促進細胞增殖、遷移和侵襲的蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶[1]。最初,Saha等[2]通過比較結(jié)直腸癌轉(zhuǎn)移灶與原發(fā)腫瘤之間的基因表達差異,發(fā)現(xiàn)PRL-3在結(jié)直腸癌肝轉(zhuǎn)移灶中高度表達,同時存在基因拷貝數(shù)的增加,而在未轉(zhuǎn)移的結(jié)直腸癌和正常的結(jié)直腸上皮不表達。之后,陸續(xù)有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)PRL-3在卵巢癌、胃癌、乳腺癌和霍奇金淋巴瘤中表達升高[3-6]。目前,已有大量研究表明PRL-3在多種腫瘤細胞的轉(zhuǎn)移過程中均起到重要作用[3,4,6]。然而 PRL -3 促進腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移的具體分子機制仍然不清楚。受翻譯調(diào)節(jié)的腫瘤蛋白(translationally controlled tumor protein,TCTP),是一類廣泛存在于動物、植物及酵母中,并在序列上高度保守且有很高同源性的蛋白家族[7]。最初認為TCTP是一類生長相關(guān)蛋白,但隨后的研究提示TCTP可能具有非常重要的生物學功能,包括調(diào)節(jié)細胞周期的進程和惡性轉(zhuǎn)移,鈣結(jié)合蛋白和細胞外組胺釋放蛋白等[7]。更重要的是,新近的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),TCTP在前列腺癌和結(jié)腸癌細胞增殖、細胞凋亡、細胞遷移和侵襲及轉(zhuǎn)移均具有重要作用[8,9]。由于PRL-3與TCTP在腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移的多個環(huán)節(jié)均具有重要調(diào)節(jié)作用,因此它們在發(fā)揮促腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移過程中可能存在一定的相關(guān)性。因此,本文主要探討PRL-3是否對TCTP的表達進行調(diào)節(jié)及TCTP在PRL-3促結(jié)腸癌轉(zhuǎn)移中的作用。
結(jié)腸癌細胞株LoVo購自中山大學醫(yī)學院細胞庫,大腸桿菌DH-5α購自上海生工公司,真核載體pAcGFP -C3購自 Clontech,T4連接酶、Xho I、EcoR I內(nèi)切酶、Trizol和RT-PCR試劑盒購自TaKaRa,Lipofectamine 2000和G418購自Invitrogen。兔抗PRL-3多克隆抗體和兔抗TCTP多克隆抗體購自Santa Cruz,辣根過氧化物酶標記的羊抗兔Ⅱ抗購自Santa Cruz。siRNA干擾序列由上海吉馬公司合成,CCK-8試劑盒購自碧云天公司,Transwell雙層細胞培養(yǎng)板(直徑 6.5 mm,孔徑 8.0 μm)購自 Corning,matrigel購自BD,4%多聚甲醛和結(jié)晶紫購自廣州威佳公司。
2.1 質(zhì)粒的構(gòu)建 根據(jù)GenBank中人PRL-3 mRNA的序列設計擴增引物序列,上游引物5'-CCGCTCGAGATGGCTCGGATGAACC -3',下游引物5'- CGGAATTCCTACATAACGCAGCACCG - 3'。RT-PCR擴增目的基因,并將產(chǎn)物在37℃下Xho I、EcoR I內(nèi)切酶作用2 h,1%瓊脂糖凝膠電泳并切膠回收。同時用Xho I、EcoR I內(nèi)切酶酶切pAcGFPC3空載體并回收酶切后大片段。將回收的PRL-3酶切產(chǎn)物和pAcGFP1-C3(Xho I、EcoR I雙酶切)載體與室溫下過夜連接,構(gòu)建pAcGFP-C3-PRL-3真核載體。
2.2 LoVo細胞的轉(zhuǎn)染和篩選 對數(shù)生長期的LoVo細胞以 2×108cells/L鋪于24孔板中,按照 Lipofectamine 2000說明書進行轉(zhuǎn)染,實驗組轉(zhuǎn)染pAcGFP-C3-PRL-3載體,對照組轉(zhuǎn)染空質(zhì)粒pAcGFPC3。6 h后更換培養(yǎng)基,24 h后開始進行G418篩選,待形成陽性單細胞克隆群落后,在熒光顯微鏡下觀察并用尖吸管吸取陽性單克隆培養(yǎng)。
2.3 熒光定量PCR Trizol提取轉(zhuǎn)細胞總RNA,使用RT-PCR試劑盒逆錄得到cDNA,隨后使用2×SYBR Premix Ex TaqTM試劑盒擴增PRL-3或TCTP基因,定量分析PRL-3或TCTP表達水平。PRL-3引物如下:上游引物5'-CCGCTCGAGATGGCTCGGATGAACC-3',下游引物5'- CGGAATTCCTACATAACGCAGCACCG -3'。TCTP引物如下:上游引物 5'- TGAAGAACAGAGACCAGAAAG -3',下游引物 5'-CACGGTAGTCCAATAGAGCAAC-3'。GAPDH引物如下:上游引物5'-GCACCGTCAAGGCTGAGAAC -3',下游引物 5'-TGGTGAAGACGCCAGTGGA-3'。反應條件:95℃ 30 s預變性后,95℃ 5 s,60℃ 20 s,40個循環(huán),最后95℃ 0 s,65℃15 s,95 ℃ 0 s。
2.4 Western blotting檢測 RIPA提取細胞總蛋白,每組細胞以30 μg等量蛋白進行12%SDS-PAGE電泳。電泳完畢后轉(zhuǎn)膜至PVDF膜,然后使用含有5%脫脂奶TBST進行封閉。加入兔抗PRL-3多克隆抗體或兔抗TCTP多克隆抗體后4℃孵育過夜,內(nèi)參照用兔抗GAPDH多克隆抗體4℃孵育過夜,辣根過氧化物酶標記的羊抗兔Ⅱ抗常溫孵育1 h。ECL kit試劑盒顯色并曝光。
2.5 siRNA干擾 設計并合成針對TCTP的siRNA序列和陰性對照siRNA序列,TCTP-siRNA上游引物 5'-GGUAACAUUGAUGACUCGCdTdT -3',下游引物5'-GCGAGUCAUCAAUGUUACCdTdT -3'。Lo-Vo-PRL-3細胞接種于6孔板(2×105cells/well)。24 h后,按照Lipofectamine 2000說明書,將 siRNA(轉(zhuǎn)染濃度為100 nmol/L)轉(zhuǎn)染至LoVo-PRL-3細胞。在轉(zhuǎn)染后的24 h、48 h和72 h,收集細胞進行real-time PCR,Western blotting及細胞遷移和侵襲實驗。
2.6 細胞增殖實驗 將LoVo-control與 LoVo-PRL-3細胞分別接種于 96孔板(5×103cells/well)。24 h后,將 TCTP-siRNA與 control-siRNA(轉(zhuǎn)染濃度為100 nmol/L)分別轉(zhuǎn)染至LoVo-PRL-3細胞。在轉(zhuǎn)染后的24 h、48 h和72 h,將CCK8分別加至LoVo-control細胞、LoVo-PRL-3細胞、TCTP-siRNA干擾后的細胞和control-siRNA處理后的細胞,并于37℃培養(yǎng)1 h,酶標儀檢測450 nm吸光度值。
2.7 細胞遷移和侵襲實驗 siRNA轉(zhuǎn)染LoVo-PRL-3細胞48 h后,消化并收集轉(zhuǎn)染后細胞,接種于Transwell雙層細胞培養(yǎng)板上室(1×105cells/well)并加入0.1 mL無血清RPMI-1640培養(yǎng)基,下室加入0.6 mL含有10%胎牛血清的RPMI-1640培養(yǎng)基。培養(yǎng)20 h后,取出上室,用棉簽擦去上室上表面的殘留細胞,將上室置于4%多聚甲醛中固定上室下表面的細胞約20 min,將膜自然晾干,結(jié)晶紫染色細胞約10 min。進行侵襲實驗時在上室內(nèi)鋪一層30 μL基質(zhì)膠(1∶6稀釋),其余步驟同遷移實驗。顯微鏡下觀察每個孔上、下、左、右、中隨機選取5個視野計數(shù)細胞(×200),結(jié)果表示穿過聚碳酸酯膜的細胞數(shù)目。
檢測發(fā)現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)染PRL-3后LoVo-PRL-3細胞的PRL-3表達顯著增高,見圖1。與對照細胞LoVo-control相比,LoVo-PRL-3細胞的 TCTP mRNA及蛋白表達均上調(diào),TCTP mRNA在LoVo-PRL-3細胞中上調(diào)1.8倍,TCTP蛋白在LoVo-control細胞中的相對表達量為0.78±0.14,而在LoVo-PRL-3細胞中的相對表達量為1.63±0.11,見圖2。
Figure 1.The expression of PRL-3 in LoVo-PRL-3 cells and LoVo-control cells.±s.n=3.**P<0.01 vs control.A:PRL - 3 mRNA was determined by realtime PCR.The results show that expression level of PRL-3 mRNA in LoVo-PRL-3 cells was 430-fold higher than that in LoVo-control cells.B:Cell lysates(30 μg)from stable cell lines were used to confirm PRL-3 expression by immunoblotting with anti-PRL-3 antibody.The expression level of PRL-3 protein in LoVo-PRL-3 cells was significantly increased but not detected in LoVo-control cells.圖1 LoVo-PRL-3和LoVo-control細胞PRL-3表達水平比較
Figure 2.The expression of TCTP in LoVo-PRL-3 cells and LoVo-control cells.±s.n=3.*P<0.05 vs control.A:TCTP mRNA was determined by real- time PCR.The results show that expression level of TCTP mRNA in LoVo-PRL-3 cells was 1.83-fold higher than that in LoVo - control cells.B:Western blotting analysis of TCTP protein level.Cell lysates(30 μg)from stable cell lines were used to confirm TCTP expression by immunoblotting with anti-TCTP antibody.The expression level of TCTP protein in LoVo-PRL-3 cells was significantly increased compared with LoVo-control cells.圖2 LoVo-PRL-3和LoVo control細胞TCTP表達水平比較
Real-time PCR結(jié)果顯示,轉(zhuǎn)染TCTP-siRNA 24 h、48 h和72 h后能顯著抑制TCTP mRNA在Lo-Vo-PRL-3細胞中的表達(P<0.01),見圖3A。Western blotting結(jié)果顯示,在轉(zhuǎn)染TCTP-siRNA 48h和72h后 LoVo-PRL-3細胞 TCTP蛋白的表達受到顯著抑制(P<0.01),見圖3B。
Figure 3.Gene silencing of TCTP by siRNA transfection.±s.n=3.**P<0.01 vs LoVo-PRL-3 or control-siRNA.A:The level of TCTP expression in LoVo-PRL-3,control-siRNA and TCTP-siRNA cells were examined 24,48 and 72 h after siRNA transfection using quantitative real-time PCR.B:Western blotting also showed that 48 and 72 h after transfection with siRNA,LoVo-PRL-3 cells transfected with TCTP-siRNA dramatically down-regulated the expression of TCTP protein.圖3 siRNA干擾抑制TCTP表達
如圖4所示,與對照細胞LoVo-control相比,轉(zhuǎn)染PRL-3后細胞的增殖能力顯著增強(P<0.05),siRNA干擾TCTP表達后又能顯著抑制PRL-3引起的細胞增殖(P<0.05)。
如圖5所示,與對照細胞LoVo-control相比,轉(zhuǎn)染PRL-3后細胞的遷移和侵襲能力顯著增強(P<0.05),siRNA干擾TCTP表達后又能顯著抑制PRL-3引起的細胞遷移和侵襲(P<0.01)。
結(jié)直腸上皮組織的惡性轉(zhuǎn)變及其進一步的轉(zhuǎn)移是由多種分子共同參與完成的[10]。因此發(fā)現(xiàn)并研究腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移過程中的重要相關(guān)分子及其信號通路對于預防和治療腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移具有重要意義。已有大量研究表明PRL-3在腫瘤細胞轉(zhuǎn)移過程中起到重要作用[11]。目前認為,PRL-3促進腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移主要通過促進腫瘤細胞增殖、促進腫瘤細胞遷移和侵襲及促進血管形成等方面起作用。已有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)PRL-3高表達與卵巢癌的進展相關(guān),并在體外通過RNA干擾方法抑制卵巢癌細胞的PRL-3表達能顯著抑制細胞增殖[4]。Zeng等[11]發(fā)現(xiàn) PRL -3 轉(zhuǎn)染至無轉(zhuǎn)移潛能的中國倉鼠卵巢細胞(Chinese hamster ovary cell,CHO cell)后,CHO細胞的遷移和侵襲能力明顯增強,并在裸鼠模型中形成轉(zhuǎn)移灶。此外,通過RNA干擾方法抑制具有轉(zhuǎn)移能力的結(jié)腸癌細胞DLD-1的內(nèi)源性PRL-3表達后能明顯抑制其在小鼠體內(nèi)的轉(zhuǎn)移成瘤能力[12]。同時,已有研究表明,PRL -3表達增高的轉(zhuǎn)移瘤細胞可以在血管內(nèi)萌芽生長[13]。在侵潤性乳腺癌的脈管系統(tǒng)中發(fā)現(xiàn)PRL-3的表達上調(diào)[14]。綜上所述,PRL-3促進腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移是多種分子參與的多方面作用的結(jié)果。因此,發(fā)現(xiàn)并研究PRL-3促腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移過程中的關(guān)鍵性分子對于預防和治療腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移具有重要意義。
Figure 4.Knockdown of TCTP inhibited the PRL-3-promoted proliferation of LoVo cells.±s.n=3.*P<0.05 vs LoVo-control or control-siRNA.The LoVo-control and LoVo-PRL-3 cells(5×103cells/well)were cultured in 96-well plates.After 24h,LoVo-PRL-3 cells were transfected with 100 nmol/L TCTP-siRNA or control-siRNA.Then,24,48 and 72h after transfection,cell proliferation was measured.Results show that elevated PRL-3 expression in LoVo cells promoted cell growth compared with LoVo-control cells,while knockdown of up-regulated TCTP expression in LoVo-PRL-3 cells led to suppression of cell growth.圖4 siRNA干擾TCTP表達抑制PRL-3引起的細胞增殖
TCTP是一類廣泛存在于動植物細胞中在序列上高度保守且同源性很高的蛋白家族。在TCTP與腫瘤相關(guān)功能研究中,Tuynder等[15]發(fā)現(xiàn),TCTP在逆轉(zhuǎn)的白血病、乳腺癌、結(jié)腸癌、肺癌和黑色素瘤細胞中均顯著下調(diào),通過反義cDNA或siRNA干擾抑制腫瘤細胞TCTP表達,會導致腫瘤細胞惡性表型的抑制。更重要的是,最近有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),TCTP在前列腺癌和結(jié)腸癌細胞轉(zhuǎn)移的不同階段:細胞增殖、細胞凋亡、細胞遷移和侵襲及轉(zhuǎn)移均具有重要作用[8,9]。此外,已有研究表明,編碼TCTP蛋白的基因TPT1受轉(zhuǎn)錄因子CREB的調(diào)控[16]。轉(zhuǎn)錄因子CREB的活化需要其第133個絲氨酸殘基的磷酸化,細胞外信號調(diào)節(jié)激酶1/2(ERK1/2)就是引起它第133個絲氨酸殘基磷酸化的激酶之一[17]。而PRL-3可以使整合素β1磷酸化水平下調(diào),從而引起ERK1/2磷酸化水平的增加從而發(fā)揮促進腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移作用[18]。因此,我們猜想PRL-3可能通過上調(diào)TCTP來促進腫瘤細胞轉(zhuǎn)移。
Figure 5.Down-regulation of TCTP by RNAi attenuated the PRL-3-promoted migration and invasion activity of LoVo cells.±s.n=3.**P <0.01 vs LoVo-control or control-siRNA.A:LoVo-PRL-3 cells were treated with TCTP-siRNA specific for TCTP or control-siRNA.Forty-eight hours after transfection,an aliquot of 1×105cells was placed in upper chamber with 0.1 mL serum-free medium,whereas the lower chamber was loaded with 0.6 mL of medium containing 10%fetal bovine serum.After 20 h of incubation,the cells migrating or invading to the underside of filter were stained and observed under a microscope(×200).B,C:Statistical plots of the number of cells invading the Transwell membranes by migration assay and matrigel invasion assay.Results showed that PRL - 3 promoted the migration and invasion of LoVo cells,while knockdown of up-regulated TCTP expression in LoVo-PRL-3 cells led to suppression of migration and invasion.圖5 siRNA干擾TCTP表達抑制PRL-3引起的細胞遷移和侵襲
為了證實TCTP蛋白在PRL-3促進腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移過程中的重要作用,我們首先將PRL-3基因轉(zhuǎn)染到內(nèi)源性低表達PRL-3的結(jié)腸癌細胞株LoVo中,并檢測LoVo-PRL-3細胞及未轉(zhuǎn)染PRL-3的對照細胞LoVo-control的TCTP表達。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)TCTP mRNA和蛋白在轉(zhuǎn)染PRL-3后分別上調(diào)1.8倍和2.1倍。之后,為了證實TCTP的上調(diào)在PRL-3促腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移中的作用,我們通過siRNA干擾抑制LoVo-PRL-3細胞中上調(diào)的TCTP表達。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),抑制TCTP表達能顯著降低PRL-3引起的細胞增殖、遷移和侵襲能力。因此我們認為,TCTP是PRL-3促結(jié)腸癌轉(zhuǎn)移過程中的重要分子,PRL-3通過上調(diào)TCTP表達促進結(jié)腸癌細胞增殖、遷移和侵襲;用siRNA靶向抑制TCTP表達可能是預防和治療結(jié)腸癌轉(zhuǎn)移的有效手段。
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