趙云歆 綜述 江 怡 審校
(上海市浦東新區(qū)浦南醫(yī)院 超聲科,上海 200125)
前列腺癌(Prostate cancer,PCa) 是中老年男性最常見的惡性腫瘤之一。前列腺特異性抗原(prostate specific antigen,PSA) 檢測、直腸指檢(digital rectal examination,DRE) 及經(jīng)直腸超聲(transrectal ultrasound,TRUS)是篩查前列腺癌的3大常規(guī)手段。而前列腺癌確診的金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)方法是前列腺組織活檢,最初使用盲穿和直腸指診引導(dǎo)穿刺,自上世紀(jì)80年代以來TRUS引導(dǎo)的前列腺穿刺活檢得到廣泛應(yīng)用,成為目前公認(rèn)安全而準(zhǔn)確的引導(dǎo)方法。但現(xiàn)階段尚未形成1種標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的前列腺穿刺術(shù)式,對(duì)穿刺點(diǎn)的選擇各家學(xué)者提出了多種方案。本文就TRUS引導(dǎo)下前列腺穿刺活檢的術(shù)前準(zhǔn)備、技術(shù)方法和并發(fā)癥等方面的研究進(jìn)展作一綜述。
經(jīng)直腸前列腺穿刺活檢的患者準(zhǔn)備應(yīng)包括3部分:腸道預(yù)備、抗生素預(yù)防和無痛法。
1.腸道預(yù)備 盡管許多文獻(xiàn)提出無需對(duì)前列腺穿刺活檢行腸道預(yù)備,但是,Brown等[1]的1項(xiàng)小規(guī)模前瞻性研究顯示,接受聚烯吡酮碘灌腸的患者中有更小比例發(fā)生了泌尿道感染和發(fā)熱。Davies等[2]的調(diào)查顯示,在110名北美泌尿?qū)W家中,79%進(jìn)行腸道預(yù)備,絕大多數(shù)是在活檢前即刻進(jìn)行,7%在術(shù)前1晚和術(shù)前即刻進(jìn)行,而14%不作腸道預(yù)備;經(jīng)分層統(tǒng)計(jì),有27%的不給予腸道預(yù)備。
2.疼痛的控制 經(jīng)直腸超聲引導(dǎo)下前列腺穿刺活檢術(shù)是1項(xiàng)有創(chuàng)的操作,有7%[3]~90%[4]的患者會(huì)產(chǎn)生不適的感覺,因此,在術(shù)中控制疼痛就顯得尤為重要??刂铺弁吹姆椒òǎ壕植柯樽矸ā㈡?zhèn)靜法或鎮(zhèn)痛法。
⑴局部麻醉Nash[5]最先在1996年使用前列腺周神經(jīng)阻滯麻醉,絕大多數(shù)的麻醉方法均是使用1%的利多卡因在前列腺周的不同區(qū)域作局部浸潤。其他的麻醉藥品還有:0.25%鹽酸布比卡因、2%利多卡因,或1%阿替卡因。Isa等[6]報(bào)道2%利多卡因還可用作凝膠在術(shù)前10min行表面麻醉。有隨機(jī)化研究顯示神經(jīng)阻滯麻醉的效能優(yōu)于表面麻醉,但可能增加出血和感染的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[7]。
⑵鎮(zhèn)靜法 對(duì)于穿刺范圍廣泛的患者可以適當(dāng)靜脈給予鎮(zhèn)靜劑提高療效。Peters等[8]在術(shù)中使用丙泊酚取得了很好的效果。
⑶鎮(zhèn)痛法 Davies等[2]的研究中,33%的北美泌尿?qū)W家不予受檢者任何鎮(zhèn)痛法,18%和16%的醫(yī)生給予凝膠或栓劑的局部麻醉和鎮(zhèn)痛法。23%的醫(yī)生施行前列腺周神經(jīng)叢阻滯麻醉。而Bastide等[9]提出鎮(zhèn)痛法對(duì)接受擴(kuò)大范圍穿刺和重復(fù)穿刺的年輕、有焦慮的患者有效。
3.抗生素預(yù)防應(yīng)用 在北美和英國的文獻(xiàn)中有一致的觀點(diǎn),即口服氟喹諾酮1療程即有效[10],而Ramirez等[11]提出由于當(dāng)?shù)貙?duì)氟喹諾酮的高耐藥率,他們?cè)诖┐糖?0min給予托普霉素100mg靜滴,12h后再給予1次肌內(nèi)注射。隨后觀察到術(shù)后感染并發(fā)癥增加,有4例在短時(shí)間內(nèi)由急性前列腺炎繼發(fā)產(chǎn)生敗血癥。在隨后的1項(xiàng)前瞻性研究中,153例患者在活檢術(shù)后72h內(nèi)加用口服環(huán)丙沙星500mg每日2次,與傳統(tǒng)預(yù)防方法比較,感染率明顯降低[12]。
在Davies等[2]的研究中,81%的醫(yī)生僅在術(shù)前給予口服氟喹諾酮,17%的醫(yī)生予口服氟喹諾酮加氨基糖甙,56%的醫(yī)生在術(shù)前1d給藥,16%的醫(yī)生在術(shù)后24~48h內(nèi)繼續(xù)給藥。術(shù)后口服給藥的時(shí)間也有爭議,有研究支持口服3~4d的抗生素治療可明顯降低感染并發(fā)癥的幾率[13]。
1.點(diǎn)系統(tǒng)穿刺法:1989年Hodge等[14]首先提出6點(diǎn)系統(tǒng)穿刺法,長時(shí)間以來已成為前列腺穿刺活檢的“金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”。即在前列腺兩側(cè)旁正中線矢狀切面尖部、中部和底部各穿刺1針。Rodríguez-Patrón等[15]提出不增加穿刺點(diǎn)數(shù),只需將穿刺點(diǎn)向更外側(cè)移就能降低假陰性率。
2.擴(kuò)大范圍的系統(tǒng)穿刺法:由于標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的6點(diǎn)系統(tǒng)穿刺法穿刺點(diǎn)少、穿刺的區(qū)域占周緣區(qū)的比例相對(duì)較少,使其假陰性率超過20%[16]。因此目前許多學(xué)者主張?jiān)黾哟┐厅c(diǎn)數(shù)。各家學(xué)者就穿刺點(diǎn)數(shù)目和穿刺點(diǎn)位置的選擇提出了多種方案,包括8點(diǎn)、10點(diǎn)、11點(diǎn)、12點(diǎn)、13點(diǎn)、14點(diǎn)、18點(diǎn)、21點(diǎn)等系統(tǒng)穿刺活檢。其中較有代表性的是1997年Eskew等[17]提出的五區(qū)域系統(tǒng)前列腺穿刺法,即在標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的6點(diǎn)系統(tǒng)穿刺法的基礎(chǔ)上又增加了2側(cè)周緣區(qū)外側(cè)區(qū)域各2點(diǎn)和中線區(qū)域上的3點(diǎn),共穿刺13點(diǎn);當(dāng)前列腺體積超過50ml時(shí)在每個(gè)區(qū)域再各增加1點(diǎn),共穿刺18點(diǎn)。此法使前列腺癌的檢出率比標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的6點(diǎn)系統(tǒng)穿刺增加了35%,其中的88%發(fā)現(xiàn)于2側(cè)周緣區(qū)外側(cè)區(qū)域。多數(shù)研究表明擴(kuò)大范圍的系統(tǒng)穿刺法可以提高穿刺活檢的陽性率[17~20],但也有少數(shù)學(xué)者認(rèn)為增加穿刺點(diǎn)數(shù)目并不能明顯提高活檢的陽性率[21]。增加穿刺點(diǎn)數(shù)目雖可提高活檢的癌腫陽性率,但并發(fā)癥也相應(yīng)增多,Zeng等[22]比較了6點(diǎn)、10點(diǎn)、12點(diǎn)、14點(diǎn)系統(tǒng)穿刺法的陽性率和并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生率,認(rèn)為10點(diǎn)穿刺是最理想的選擇。
Vashi等[23]認(rèn)為,穿刺的數(shù)目取決于患者的年齡和前列腺體積的大小。癌組織體積增大一倍所需時(shí)間基本上是恒定的(T1-T2需4~5年)[24],如年齡越大、前列腺體積越小,則所需穿刺點(diǎn)數(shù)目越少,反之穿刺數(shù)目應(yīng)增加,并據(jù)此設(shè)計(jì)出Vienna’s計(jì)算圖。Remzi等[25]的研究驗(yàn)證了Vienna’s計(jì)算圖,該研究發(fā)現(xiàn):按照該計(jì)算圖操作獲得的腫瘤診斷率(36.7%) 明顯高于之前所用8點(diǎn)穿刺法(20%)。Dai等[26]也提出了針對(duì)中國人群的個(gè)體化穿刺方案,根據(jù)前列腺特異性抗原(prostate specific antigen,PSA) 值范圍和患者的預(yù)期壽命,選擇不同的穿刺方案。
3.重復(fù)穿刺 由于標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的6點(diǎn)系統(tǒng)穿刺活檢術(shù)假陰性率較高,對(duì)于6點(diǎn)穿刺活檢陰性而仍有活檢指征者是否進(jìn)行重復(fù)穿刺曾經(jīng)是一個(gè)很棘手的問題。最近資料表明,對(duì)初次活檢陰性的高?;颊咧剡M(jìn)行復(fù)穿刺是十分必要的[27]。Applewhite等[28]對(duì)6點(diǎn)穿刺活檢陰性者用13點(diǎn)法進(jìn)行重復(fù)穿刺,陽性率提高了38.4%。Stewart等[29]用充分的前列腺細(xì)針穿刺技術(shù)分別對(duì)6點(diǎn)穿刺法和13點(diǎn)穿刺法陰性患者進(jìn)行重復(fù)穿刺,結(jié)果顯示陽性率分別提高了34%和30%。Borboroglu等[30]對(duì)6點(diǎn)穿刺活檢陰性者進(jìn)行廣泛多點(diǎn)重復(fù)穿刺,平均穿刺22.5個(gè)點(diǎn),陽性率增加了30%。Djavan等[31]對(duì)第1次穿刺活檢陰性者6周后進(jìn)行第2次穿刺,仍為陰性者8周后進(jìn)行第3次穿刺,最多者穿刺達(dá)4次,各次陽性率分別為22%、10%、5%、4%。
總之,一種理想的前列腺穿刺活檢術(shù)應(yīng)具備較高的敏感性和特異性,操作簡便,經(jīng)濟(jì)且并發(fā)癥少。各種多點(diǎn)穿刺活檢法是在標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的6點(diǎn)系統(tǒng)前列腺穿刺活檢術(shù)的基礎(chǔ)上改進(jìn)而來的,雖然各有臨床應(yīng)用上的優(yōu)勢,但相互之間缺乏對(duì)比性,仍有待于積累豐富的臨床資料,以便能形成一種最佳的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)前列腺穿刺活檢術(shù)式。
前列腺穿刺活檢的并發(fā)癥一般都比較輕微,常見的有出血、疼痛、感染、血管迷走神經(jīng)反應(yīng)、不適等,通過應(yīng)用抗生素、止血藥及對(duì)癥處理一般均能緩解。
1.出血 出血是前列腺穿刺活檢后最常見的并發(fā)癥,包括血尿、血精、直腸出血等,發(fā)生率分別為 12.5%[33]~80%[17]、5.1%[34]~78.3%[35]、1.3%[36]~58.6%[37]。一般均較輕且多為自限性,無需特殊處理。穿刺時(shí)應(yīng)使探頭與直腸粘膜緊貼,以免出血,術(shù)后行直腸指診明確有無出血,如發(fā)現(xiàn)顯著的直腸出血,將適量的棉條塞入直腸留置幾小時(shí)可有效止血。
2.疼痛 疼痛主要與直腸超聲探頭及穿刺進(jìn)入時(shí)直腸括約肌痙攣有關(guān),Han等[38]的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)腸道預(yù)備、鎮(zhèn)痛法和穿刺針數(shù)是影響術(shù)中疼痛的獨(dú)立因素。適當(dāng)進(jìn)行灌腸預(yù)備和使用止痛藥或麻醉劑可以緩解術(shù)中和術(shù)后疼痛和不適感。
3.感染 感染表現(xiàn)為發(fā)熱、寒戰(zhàn)、尿路感染、菌血癥等,前列腺穿刺活檢后很少有患者發(fā)生感染。預(yù)防性應(yīng)用抗生素和術(shù)后8h內(nèi)飲水3000ml左右均可減少感染的發(fā)生。
4.尿儲(chǔ)溜 發(fā)生率為0.2%[39]~10%[40],多發(fā)生于穿刺超過12點(diǎn)的患者,可行導(dǎo)尿處理,予超聲檢查原因,排除血腫等。
5.血管迷走神經(jīng)反應(yīng) 血管迷走神經(jīng)反應(yīng)通常是由穿刺時(shí)患者緊張及直腸擴(kuò)張導(dǎo)致胃腸道血管擴(kuò)張和大腦供血不足引起,分3度,輕度:大量出汗,伴或不伴心動(dòng)過緩,收縮壓≥90mmHg;中度:收縮壓<90mmHg;重度:伴有嚴(yán)重的神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)反應(yīng),如癲癇發(fā)作,意識(shí)喪失等。
超聲引導(dǎo)下經(jīng)直腸前列腺穿刺活檢術(shù)是確診前列腺癌的最主要方法。要施行該術(shù),有必要做好控制疼痛和抗生素預(yù)防應(yīng)用,以及適當(dāng)?shù)哪c道預(yù)備。沒有明確的證據(jù)顯示增加穿刺點(diǎn)的數(shù)目能夠明顯提高前列腺癌的檢出率,但是,可以通過在前列腺的外側(cè)帶適當(dāng)增加穿刺點(diǎn)來能提高陽性率。對(duì)初次活檢陰性但又高度懷疑前列腺癌的患者,有必要進(jìn)行重復(fù)穿刺。既往在手指指引下的盲穿法因隨意性較大,穿刺部位欠準(zhǔn)確,且容易遺漏手指無法觸到的微小病變,所以已被超聲引導(dǎo)下的穿刺所取代,該法已成為前列腺癌診斷的全標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[5]。
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