There be結(jié)構(gòu)淺談

王 珺

There be結(jié)構(gòu)的基本句型是“There+be+主語+其他（狀語、定語等）”。它表示“某時某處有某人或某物”。there是引導詞，無詞義，應弱讀。There be位居該句型的句首。如：

There is a small village at the foot of the mountain.

要掌握There be句型需熟知以下幾條：

1. There be結(jié)構(gòu)中be動詞數(shù)的確定。

be動詞的數(shù)由它后面的主語來定。若主語是可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞，則be動詞應是單數(shù)is或was；若主語是可數(shù)名詞復數(shù)，則be動詞應是復數(shù)are或were。如：

There is a new dictionary in her hand.

There are a lot of people at the meeting.

如果有兩個或更多主語，be動詞一般與離得最近的主語保持一致，即“就近一致”。如：

There is a girl, two boys and some teachers on the playground.

There are two boys, a girl and some teachers on the playground.

2. There be結(jié)構(gòu)中be的時態(tài)變化。

①一般現(xiàn)在時：be的形式是is/are。如：

There is much milk here.

Are there any boys here?

②一般過去時：be的形式是was/were。如：

Were there any students in the reading room yesterday?

There were some sheep on the road twenty minutes ago.

③一般將來時：be的形式是will be，也可以是be going to be。如：

There will be a meeting next week.

There is going to be a meeting next week.

3. There be結(jié)構(gòu)的句型轉(zhuǎn)化。

⑴肯定句變?yōu)榉穸ň?/p>

①There be結(jié)構(gòu)的肯定句變否定句時，需在be后加not。is not可縮寫成isnt， are not可縮寫成arent。

②這一結(jié)構(gòu)的肯定句中有some時，需把some改為any。如：

a. There is a girl playing in the garden.→There isnt a girl playing in the garden.

b. There are some books on the desk.→There arent any books on the desk.

③There be結(jié)構(gòu)中作主語的名詞前有a（an）或some時，變否定句，可以把not a(an)或not any改為no。即：not a(an)=no， not any=no。

如上面a、b兩句的否定句可以分別是：

There is no girl playing in the garden.

There are no books on the desk.

⑵否定句變?yōu)榭隙ň?/p>

①There be結(jié)構(gòu)的否定句變肯定句時把be后的not去掉，將any改為some。如：

There isnt any ink in the bottle.→There is some ink in the bottle.

②如果否定句中be后是no+名詞，改為肯定句時，根據(jù)主語的單、復數(shù)把no直接改為a(an)或some。主語為單數(shù)時改為a(an)，主語為復數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞時改為some。如：

a. There is no exercise book with her.→There is an exercise book with her.

b. There is no water here and there.→There is some water here and there.

c. There are no lamps in the room.→There are some lamps in the room.

⑶肯定句變?yōu)橐话阋蓡柧?/p>

There be結(jié)構(gòu)的肯定句變?yōu)橐话阋蓡柧鋾r，需把be提到there前，be的第一個字母大寫，句末用問號。如果主語前有some，需把some改為any。如：

There are some apples in the basket.→Are there any apples in the basket?

其答語為：Yes, there are./No, there arent (any).

⑷There be結(jié)構(gòu)的特殊疑問句

There be結(jié)構(gòu)的基本句型是“There+be+主語+介詞短語”。

①對句型中主語部分劃線提問，其特殊疑問句應為：Whats+介詞短語？如：

a. There is some water in the cup.→Whats in the cup?

b. There are 20 people in the room.→Whats in the room?

②＜1＞There be結(jié)構(gòu)基本句型中作主語的名詞如果是可數(shù)名詞，對名詞前的數(shù)詞（one，three…）或相當于數(shù)詞的詞（some，a few，many…）提問，其特殊疑問句形式為“How many+可數(shù)名詞復數(shù)+are there+介詞短語？”如：

a. There is a radio on the table.→How many radios are there on the table?

b. There are a few students in the classroom.→How many students are there in the classroom?

＜2＞如果there be句型中作主語的為不可數(shù)名詞，對不可數(shù)名詞前的表示數(shù)量的詞some， a little或短語a cup of， three bottles of…提問，其特殊疑問句形式為“How much+不可數(shù)名詞+is there+介詞短語?”。如：

There is a little milk in the bottle.→How much milk is there in the bottle?

4. There be結(jié)構(gòu)，謂語動詞除be外，還可用某些含有“存在”意義的不及物動詞或詞組，如live， stand， lie， come， enter等。如：

There stands a bridge across the river.

Many years ago there lived an old man.

Then there came a knock at the door.

5. There be結(jié)構(gòu)不能與have（有）混用。

①There be表示“存在”，have表示“擁有”。所以不能把There be中的be改為have。如：

There are five windows in the room. (√)

There have five windows in the room. （×）

②當have表示事物特征時，可用“主語+have”結(jié)構(gòu)替換There be結(jié)構(gòu)。如：

a. There are five windows in the room.→This room has five windows.

b. There is a book in my hand.→I have a book in my hand.