盧 超,包振民,彭 薇,鄢婧婧,呂雅萌,胡景杰
(中國海洋大學海洋生物遺傳育種教育部重點實驗室,海洋生命學院,山東青島266003)
富集文庫-菌落原位雜交法篩選仿刺參微衛(wèi)星標記
盧 超,包振民,彭 薇,鄢婧婧,呂雅萌,胡景杰**
(中國海洋大學海洋生物遺傳育種教育部重點實驗室,海洋生命學院,山東青島266003)
應(yīng)用微衛(wèi)星富集文庫—菌落原位雜交的方法,篩選得到了33個仿刺參的微衛(wèi)星標記。富集文庫中900個重組克隆經(jīng)過菌落原位雜交后,415個(46.1%)為陽性克隆。隨機挑取100個陽性克隆進行測序,結(jié)果顯示這些克隆都含有微衛(wèi)星位點。設(shè)計了57對特異性PCR引物,33對能擴增出清晰的條帶。利用48個野生仿刺參個體對33個微衛(wèi)星位點進行評價,結(jié)果顯示位點都具有多態(tài)性。33個多態(tài)位點共獲得222個等位基因,平均每個位點獲得6.7個等位基因。觀測雜合度(Ho)和期望雜合度(He)的范圍分別為0.050 0~1.000 0和0.203 2~0.915 9。結(jié)果表明,富集文庫—菌落原位雜交法篩選微衛(wèi)星標記比較高效,獲得的微衛(wèi)星標記可以用于仿刺參的分子遺傳學研究。
仿刺參;富集文庫;菌落原位雜交;微衛(wèi)星標記;多態(tài)性
仿刺參(A postichopus japonicus)又名刺參,是食用海參中最為名貴的一種,主要分布于我國北方、日本、朝鮮半島及俄羅斯的遠東地區(qū)[1]。近些年來,刺參的市場消費量逐年增加,刺參養(yǎng)殖業(yè)也得到迅猛發(fā)展, 2008年我國的刺參總產(chǎn)量達到9萬t,經(jīng)濟總產(chǎn)值超過200億元,刺參養(yǎng)殖業(yè)已經(jīng)成為我國海水養(yǎng)殖的支柱產(chǎn)業(yè)之一。良好的苗種是刺參養(yǎng)殖業(yè)健康發(fā)展的保障,而傳統(tǒng)的育種方法有其局限性。分子標記輔助育種(Marker-assisted selection,MAS)在篩選和鑒定優(yōu)良性狀個體、加快育種進程等方面起著重要的作用。
微衛(wèi)星標記(Microsatellites),又稱短串聯(lián)重復(fù)序列(Simple tandem repeats,STRS)或簡單重復(fù)序列(Simple sequence repeats,SSRS),由1~6個核苷酸為重復(fù)單位的串聯(lián)重復(fù)片段構(gòu)成[2]。微衛(wèi)星分子標記具有較高的多態(tài)性,呈共顯性遺傳,并且具有較高的穩(wěn)定性和可重復(fù)性2,正是由于以上優(yōu)點,微衛(wèi)星被廣泛地應(yīng)用于構(gòu)建遺傳圖譜[3-7]、QTL(Quantitative trait locus)定位[8-9]及遺傳學分析[10-11]等。
關(guān)于仿刺參的研究長期以來主要集中于人工育苗和增養(yǎng)殖技術(shù)方面,遺傳學方面的研究開展較晚,Zhan等[12]開發(fā)了45個仿刺參的多態(tài)性微衛(wèi)星標記;Peng等[13]從EST數(shù)據(jù)庫中篩查了38個仿刺參多態(tài)性微衛(wèi)星標記;譚杰等[14]用9對微衛(wèi)星引物對3個不同仿刺參地理種群的遺傳結(jié)構(gòu)進行了研究;Li等[15]構(gòu)建的仿刺參遺傳連鎖圖譜中包含了21個微衛(wèi)星標記。微衛(wèi)星標記偏少成為仿刺參分子遺傳學研究的限制條件,因此有必要繼續(xù)微衛(wèi)星標記的開發(fā)。本文采用富集文庫-菌落原位雜交法篩選了33個刺參的微衛(wèi)星標記,并對一些主要的參數(shù)進行了估算。
1.1 實驗材料
2008年5月在山東榮成附近海域采集了48只仿刺參樣品,取其肌肉組織用95%乙醇固定后置于-20℃冰箱保存。
1.2 DNA的提取
參照戰(zhàn)愛斌等[16]的方法。提取DNA后用紫外分光光度計定量,-20℃保存?zhèn)溆谩?/p>
1.3 仿刺參微衛(wèi)星富集文庫的構(gòu)建
富集文庫的構(gòu)建主要參照戰(zhàn)愛斌等[17]的方法,并在DNA的酶切等方面做了適當?shù)恼{(diào)整。
1.3.1 基因組DNA的酶切和接頭的連接 限制性內(nèi)切酶選用RsaI,基因組DNA的量為10μg,酶切產(chǎn)物的回收采用低熔點瓊脂糖,片段大小為400~1 200 bp。連接反應(yīng)條件為16℃下連接12 h。
1.3.2 雜交及洗膜 探針選用(GA)15和(CA)15并標記好,固定在Hybond N+膜上。預(yù)雜交2 d后在1%的SDS中洗去未結(jié)合牢固的探針。將經(jīng)過95℃變性的連接產(chǎn)物、預(yù)雜交好的Hybond N+膜放入雜交液中在37℃條件下雜交24 h。在經(jīng)過優(yōu)化的條件下將含有重復(fù)序列的DNA片段從膜上洗脫下來,再經(jīng)過低溫離心沉淀DNA片段,溶于滅菌的三蒸水中,-20℃保存?zhèn)溆谩?/p>
1.3.3 TA-克隆 將洗脫的DNA片段進行PCR擴增,反應(yīng)體系為20μL,PCR反應(yīng)程序為:95℃變性5 min;然后95℃30 s,55℃30 s,72℃45 s,25個循環(huán); 72℃延伸1 h。將PCR產(chǎn)物連接上載體轉(zhuǎn)化入大腸桿菌DH5α菌株中,用固體培養(yǎng)基培養(yǎng),構(gòu)建微衛(wèi)星富集文庫。
1.4 菌落原位雜交
1.4.1 菌落轉(zhuǎn)膜 挑取生長良好的單菌落,轉(zhuǎn)移到新的培養(yǎng)基上培養(yǎng)5~6 h,然后用硝酸纖維素膜(Immobilon-NC Transfer Membranes,Millipore)影印菌落。硝酸纖維素膜經(jīng)過變性液和中和液處理后,在80℃條件下烘烤2 h,放置備用。
1.4.2 陽性克隆的篩選 先將硝酸纖維素膜放入雜交液中預(yù)雜交1 h。然后更換雜交液并加入標記好的探針(GA)15和(CA)15雜交過夜,洗脫去未結(jié)合牢固的探針。處理過的硝酸纖維素膜壓上X膠片在暗室中顯影,在平板對應(yīng)的位置挑取陽性克隆進行測序。
1.5 測序結(jié)果的處理
序列測定后,人工處理去除載體序列,然后進行序列的拼接和獨立克隆的識別,所用程序是Vector NTI Suite 8.0(Invitrogen)軟件中的Contig Express程序,將獨立序列和NCBI數(shù)據(jù)庫中已公布的序列比對,去除冗余序列。
1.6 引物的設(shè)計和條件優(yōu)化
引物設(shè)計采用的軟件是Primer Premier 5.0,進行引物設(shè)計的位點的核心重復(fù)兩側(cè)序列應(yīng)當是完整的,引物合成后,用梯度PCR確定最佳退火溫度。
1.7 微衛(wèi)星位點主要遺傳學參數(shù)的估算
多態(tài)性的評價采用48個仿刺參個體,經(jīng)過PCR擴增后用聚丙烯酰胺凝膠電泳檢測。需要計算的參數(shù)包括每個微衛(wèi)星位點的觀測雜合度(Observed heterozygosity,Ho)和期望雜合度(Expected heterozygosity,He)。具體計算方法如下:Ho為雜合子觀察數(shù)與樣本含量之比;He=1-∑Pi2,式中Pi為該位點中第i個等位基因的頻率。采用軟件GENEPOP和馬爾可夫鏈法對微衛(wèi)星位點是否符合哈迪-溫博格平衡性(Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium,HWE)進行檢測。
在文庫中隨機選900個重組克隆重新均勻地排布于培養(yǎng)基上進行篩選。結(jié)果得到陽性克隆415個,陽性克隆率為46.1%。隨機挑選100個陽性克隆測序,結(jié)果顯示所有克隆均含有微衛(wèi)星DNA。經(jīng)過軟件分析得到79個獨立序列,其中有57個(72.2%)位點可以設(shè)計PCR引物。通過PCR條件優(yōu)化,發(fā)現(xiàn)33對引物能夠擴增出預(yù)期大小范圍內(nèi)的片段。對微衛(wèi)星位點進行多態(tài)性評價,擴增結(jié)果顯示33個位點都具有多態(tài)性。33個微衛(wèi)星位點共獲得了222個等位基因,平均每個多態(tài)性位點擴增得到6.7個等位基因。部分位點的聚丙烯酰胺凝膠電泳結(jié)果見圖1,具體每個位點的參數(shù)見表1。位點1S27位點獲得的等位基因數(shù)目最多,為12個;位點HC612僅獲得了2個等位基因(見表1)。位點序列重復(fù)次數(shù)都較高,重復(fù)次數(shù)在10次以上的位點有27個。33個位點的觀測雜合度(Ho)和期望雜合度(He)的平均值分別為0.641 0(0.050 0~1.000 0)和0.719 8(0.203 2~0.915 9)。
圖1 位點1S07(上)和HC511(下)在20個仿刺參個體中的擴增結(jié)果Fig.1 Loci 1S07 and HC511 amplified in 20A.japonicusindividuals
篩選微衛(wèi)星標記的方法有多種并各有優(yōu)缺點,戰(zhàn)愛斌[18]報道構(gòu)建富集文庫篩選微衛(wèi)星標記相對高效。構(gòu)建微衛(wèi)星富集文庫的方法主要有膜富集法和磁珠富集法,其中膜富集法的優(yōu)點是:整個實驗流程操作相對簡單,成本較低,更加利于實驗的開展。但是此方法也有不足之處,就是洗脫的嚴謹度比較難以控制,針對不同的物種,洗脫嚴謹度必須經(jīng)過優(yōu)化[19]。磁珠富集法也是一種效率較高的篩選方法,但是操作步驟較繁瑣,實驗成本相對高。本研究在用膜富集方法構(gòu)建仿刺參富集文庫的過程中,通過洗脫嚴謹度的良好控制,取得了較好的結(jié)果。
表1 33個仿刺參微衛(wèi)星標記的基本特征及遺傳學參數(shù)Table 1 Characterization of 33 novel microsatellite markers forA.japonicus
本研究構(gòu)建刺參微衛(wèi)星富集文庫時采用的寡核苷酸探針為(AG)和(AC)重復(fù)序列,這是因為在大多數(shù)生物的基因組中,兩堿基微衛(wèi)星重復(fù)最為豐富[20-24]。從測序的結(jié)果來看(見表1),(AG/CT)重復(fù)的位點有6個,(AC/GT)重復(fù)的位點有26個,后者明顯多于前者,這一現(xiàn)象與大多數(shù)動物中微衛(wèi)星的重復(fù)類型相符合[24]。
微衛(wèi)星DNA長度的變化是微衛(wèi)星多態(tài)性的基礎(chǔ)。核心序列的重復(fù)次數(shù)在同一基因座位的不同等位基因間差別很大,可以產(chǎn)生豐富的多態(tài)性。Weber[25]認為,兩堿基重復(fù)序列只有在重復(fù)次數(shù)多于12次時,微衛(wèi)星標記才有可能表現(xiàn)出較高的多態(tài)性。Smulders[26]認為重復(fù)次數(shù)多的微衛(wèi)星DNA在種內(nèi)和種間都可以產(chǎn)生多態(tài)性,但重復(fù)次數(shù)少的微衛(wèi)星在種間就很難產(chǎn)生多態(tài)性。本研究獲得的這些微衛(wèi)星序列中,重復(fù)次數(shù)高于10次的序列共有27個(81.8%),有利于獲得多態(tài)性高的分子標記。
本研究獲得的33個仿刺參多態(tài)性位點中有18個位點的觀測雜合度和期望雜合度有顯著的差異(見表1);Hardy-Weinberg平衡檢驗發(fā)現(xiàn),這是雜合子的嚴重缺乏(P<0.005)造成的。有報道分析指出:雜合子缺乏大多是由無效等位基因(Null allele)引起的[3,19]。而產(chǎn)生無效等位基因的原因可能是引物結(jié)合部位的序列發(fā)生了點突變、插入或缺失[27-29]。在很多物種的微衛(wèi)星研究中都發(fā)現(xiàn)存在無效等位基因的現(xiàn)象,例如,在人類[30]、虹鱒(Oncorhynchus mykiss)[31]、太平洋牡蠣(Crassostrea gigas)[3]和斑節(jié)對蝦(Penaeus monodon)[32]的微衛(wèi)星位點中都含有無效等位基因。
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Abstract: We isolated and characterized 33 novel microsatellite markers of sea cucumber(A postichopus japonicus)using the method of enrichment-colony hybridization.A total of 900 clones derived from the SSR-enriched library were screened and 415 clones gave the positive response(46.1%).One hundred positive clones were randomly selected for sequencing and the results showed that all of the clones contained microsatellites.Fifty-seven primer pairs were designed using the software Primer Premier 5.0,of which 33 pairs can be amplified scorable PCR products.The polymorphisms of these loci were assessed using 48 individuals sampled from the natural habitat.The results showed that all 33 loci showed polymorphism. A total of 222 alleles were identified with an average of 6.7 alleles over all loci.The values of observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.050 0 to 1.000 0 and from 0.203 2 to 0.915 9,respectively. The results indicated that the method of SSR-enriched library hybridization was of high efficiency,sensitiveness,stability and low cost for isolation of a large amount of microsatellite markers in the target species.These microsatellite markers can be used in a wide range of genetic studies and breeding programs.
Key words: A postichopus japonicus;SSR-enrichmed library;colony hybridization;microsatellite;polymorphic
責任編輯 于 衛(wèi)
Isolation and Characterization of Microsatellite Markers for Sea Cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus)by Screening the SSR-Enriched Library
LU Chao,BAO Zhen-Min,PENG Wei,YAN Jing-Jing,LV Ya-Meng,HU Jing-Jie
(Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding,Ministry of Education,Ocean University of China,Qingdao 266003,China)
S917
A
1672-5174(2010)09Ⅱ-137-05
國家高技術(shù)研究發(fā)展計劃項目(2006AA10A411);十一五國家科技支撐計劃(2006BAD09A09);十一五國家科技支撐計劃(2006BAD09A10)資助
2010-05-07;
2010-05-25
盧 超(1984-),男,碩士生。
hujingjie@ouc.edu.cn