模塊十Unit 3—Unit 4語法盤點

唐翠華

一、文章結(jié)構(gòu)

獲取信息的最有效方法之一就是了解文章的結(jié)構(gòu),以便更加準確、快速地定位我們要找的信息。敘述文一般以講述個人生活經(jīng)歷為主,對于經(jīng)歷的陳述通常由一定的時間概念貫穿其中,或順序或倒序。這類文章的基本結(jié)構(gòu)模式是:

1) 用一段概括性的話引入要敘述的經(jīng)歷(話題) (Beginning paragraph)

2) 敘述先前的經(jīng)歷(舉例1)及其感悟或發(fā)現(xiàn) (Body paragraph1)

3) 敘述接下來的經(jīng)歷(舉例2)及其感悟或發(fā)現(xiàn) (Body paragraph2)

4) 做出總結(jié)或結(jié)論 (Concluding paragraph)

以下面一段文章為例:

(1)Engineering students are supposed to be examples of practicality and rationality , but when it comes to my college education I am an idealist and a fool.(2) In high school I wanted to be an electrical engineer and, of course, any sensible student with my aims would have chosen a college with a large engineering department, famous reputation and lots of good labs and research equipment. But thats not what I did. (3) I chose to study engineering at a small liberal-arts (文科) university that doesnt even offer a major in electrical engineering. Obviously, this was not a practical choice; I came here for more noble reasons. I wanted a broad education that would provide me with flexibility and a value system to guide me in my career. I wanted to open my eyes and expand my vision by interacting with people who werent studying science or engineering. My parents, teachers and other adults praised me for such a sensible choice. They told me I was wise and mature beyond my 18 years, and I believed them. (4)I headed off to college sure I was going to have an advantage over those students who went to big engineering "factories" where they didnt care if you had values or were flexible. I was going to be a complete engineer: technical genius and sensitive humanist (人文學(xué)者) all in one. (5) Now Im not so sure. Somewhere along the way my noble ideals crashed into reality, as all noble ideals eventually do. After three years of struggling to balance maths, physics and engineering courses with liberal-arts courses, I have learned there are reasons why few engineering students try to reconcile (協(xié)調(diào)) engineering with liberal-arts courses in college.The reality that has blocked my path to becoming the typical successful student is that engineering and the liberal arts simply dont mix as easily as I assumed in high school. Individually they shape a person in very different ways; together they threaten to confuse. (6)The struggle to reconcile the two fields of study is difficult.

第一句是總結(jié)性的話;第二句是先前的經(jīng)歷或想法;第三句是往后的經(jīng)歷;第四句是接下來的經(jīng)歷;第五句是再下來的經(jīng)歷;第六句是結(jié)論。

從某種意義上說,不了解文章的文體結(jié)構(gòu),是無法真正欣賞一篇好文章的。因此,掌握英語文章結(jié)構(gòu)分析技巧對正確理解文章至關(guān)重要。

二、語言風(fēng)格

根據(jù)不同的語言環(huán)境,英語的語言風(fēng)格有很多種。最重要的是口語和書面語,同時在口語和書面語中又有正式和非正式用語。

例如:

1) It is an agreed fact that all the creatures want happiness and are afraid of pain and grief. The question, however, is ‘what is real happiness? What really is called happiness? The desire for happiness has no meaning without understanding the real nature of happiness…

例1) 是一篇關(guān)于 “What is happiness?”的論文,語言風(fēng)格比較正式。

2) Liu Xiang steals limelight after hat-trick feat at National Games

Olympic gold medalist Liu Xiang (C) from Shanghai jubilates as Ji Wei (L) of the Peoples Liberation Army (PLA) team and Shi Dongpeng from Hebei watch on the podium after the mens 110m hurdles of athletics at the 11th Chinese National Games in Jinan, east Chinas Shandong Province, Oct. 25, 2009. Liu claimed the title of the event with 13.34 seconds. Ji won the silver while Shi got the bronze.

例2) 是關(guān)于劉翔全運會上三連冠的報道,運用了比較正式的語言風(fēng)格。

3) April 13, 2000

Nanyuan YiShe Box 36

Jilin UniversityChangchun, China 130012

Dear Sir / Madam,

Your advertisement for a Network Maintenance Engineer in the April 10 Student Daily interested me because the position that you described sounds exactly like the kind of job I am seeking. According to the advertisement, your position requires top university, Bachelor or above in Computer Science or equivalent field and proficient in Windows NT4.0 and LINUX System. I feel that I am competent to meet the ……

例3) 是一封求職信,語言風(fēng)格比較正式。

4) A: Good morning, Mr. Smith. The report is finished. Shall I present it to you?

B: Please give it to me in an hour. I have a meeting with some customers about our new product.

A: I am sorry to interrupt you. Please inform me when you are finished and have time to look at the report.

B: Yes, I will.

例4) 是兩個工作人員之間的對話,使用了被動語態(tài)等結(jié)構(gòu),語言風(fēng)格比較正式。

5) A: Hi, Mike. Its Alices birthday tomorrow. Shall we buy her a present?

B: Yes, of course, what about some flowers?

A: Flowers are lovely. But Id prefer to get her a CD. You know she loves music.

B: Good idea.

例5) 是兩個朋友之間的對話,使用了簡單的句子結(jié)構(gòu)和主動語態(tài)。屬于非正式的語言風(fēng)格。

6) Hi, Pingping,

Hope everything is going on well.

Whats your plan for the coming winter holidays? Some of us will go to BJ. Will you go with us?

…

Yours,

Ma Lin

例6) 是一封電子郵件?？梢钥闯稣Z言非常隨便,句子結(jié)構(gòu)非常簡單。屬于非正式的語言風(fēng)格。

因此,我們可以歸納:在書面語中,運用正式用語的場合大多數(shù)是:論文,報道,求職信……;運用非正式用語的場合大多數(shù)是:家信,電子郵件,短信息……。而在口語中,運用正式用語的場合大多數(shù)是:正式的演講,和陌生人交流,和上級交流……;運用非正式用語的場合大多數(shù)是:和朋友或家庭成員說話,和朋友或家庭成員通電話……。而且,在正式的語言風(fēng)格中,句子的結(jié)構(gòu)通常比較復(fù)雜,常常使用復(fù)合句和比較抽象的概念,同時也常用被動語態(tài)。而在非正式的語言風(fēng)格中,句子結(jié)構(gòu)相對比較簡單,通常使用簡單句,主動語態(tài)和比較常見的表達。