定語從句

野新玉

定語從句,又名形容詞性從句,共分為兩大類:限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句,由關(guān)系代詞who, whom, whose, that, which, as或關(guān)系副詞when, where, why等引導(dǎo)。

定語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞之所以命名為關(guān)系詞, 是因為它關(guān)系到先行詞, 也關(guān)系到定語從句, 在中間起重要的橋梁作用, 關(guān)系代詞代替先行詞, 同時在定語從句中作主語或賓語（whose作定語）; 關(guān)系副詞相當于“介詞+先行詞”, 同時在定語從句中作狀語。

一、兩類定語從句的區(qū)別：

All the books that have pictures have been sent to them.

所有有插圖的書都給他們寄去了。（言外之意, 沒有插圖的書就沒給他們寄。）

All the books, which have pictures, have been sent to them.

所有的書都給他們寄去了, 所有的書都有插圖。

He has a brother who is a doctor.

他有一個當醫(yī)生的哥哥。（不一個）

He has a brother, who is a doctor.

他有一個哥哥, 是個醫(yī)生。（僅一個）

二、關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的用法列舉：

三、幾組關(guān)系代詞的用法區(qū)別：

1. 當先行詞指人時, 許多情況下既可用that也可用who,但在下列情況下, 用who不用that:

2. 當先行詞指物時,許多情況下既可用that也可用which,但下列情況下, 用that不用which:

3. 關(guān)系代詞which與as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句的區(qū)別：

（1）as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句位于主句的前后皆可, which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句只能位于句末, as從句與主句多為并列關(guān)系, which從句與主句常為因果關(guān)系。

The pupil didnt finish his homework, which cost him the chance to join in the game. 這個學生沒完成作業(yè), 這使他喪失了參加比賽的機會。

As is known to all, Edison invented the electric light.

=Edison invented the electric light, as is known to all.

眾所周知, 愛迪生發(fā)明了電燈。

（2）as引導(dǎo)的限制性定語常用的固定搭配有：

such…as…; the same as…; such as…

We have found such materials as are used in their factory.

(as作主語)我們已找到了他們廠用的那種材料。

Such people as you describe are thought to be fools nowadays.

(as作賓語)像你描繪的那種人現(xiàn)在被看作是傻瓜。

After years of life in prison, he is not the same as he was.

(as作表語)經(jīng)過幾年的牢獄生活, 他和過去不同了。

四、介詞+關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句

介詞+關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)定語從句時, 介詞的賓語只能是which或whom。

1. 當介詞位于關(guān)系代詞的前面時, 關(guān)系代詞which或whom不能省略;當介詞位于關(guān)系代詞的后面時, 關(guān)系代詞which或whom可以省略。

Yang Liwei, the first Chinese astronaut, is the hero of whom we are proud.

Yang Liwei, the first Chinese astronaut, is the hero(whom) we are proud of.

楊利偉,中國首位航天英雄,是我們引以為自豪的英雄。

I can not find the pen with which I usually write.

I can not find the pen(which) I usually write with.

2. 復(fù)合介詞短語+關(guān)系代詞 which 或whom 引導(dǎo)定語從句時, 定語從句常與主句用逗號隔開, 且用倒裝語序。

He lived in a big house, in front of which stood a big tall tree.

他住在一所大房子里, 房子前面有一顆又大又高的樹。

五、定語從句中的謂語動詞要與先行詞保持一致:

I who am your teacher, will try my best to help you.

我, 是你的老師, 會盡力幫你的。

To own a color TV set in each family, which we thought impossible twenty years ago, now becomes true. 家家有彩色電視機, 這在20年前被認為是不可能的, 現(xiàn)在已成為事實。

Have you heard of the persons and things that are being talked about? 你聽說過正在被討論的人和事嗎？

The Great Wall is one of the world-famous buildings that draw lots of visitors. 長城是世界著名的吸引游客的建筑之一。

The Great Wall is the only one of the buildings on the earth that is seen from the moon. 長城是在月球上能看到的唯一的地球建筑物。