抓住幾個(gè)關(guān)鍵問題掌握定語(yǔ)從句

王秀云

要準(zhǔn)確掌握和使用定語(yǔ)從句,除了記住一些常規(guī)性、規(guī)定性的要點(diǎn)，還應(yīng)靈活處理以下幾個(gè)關(guān)鍵問題：

一、根據(jù)定語(yǔ)從句中所缺成分來(lái)確定關(guān)系

1.如果從句中缺主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，要使用關(guān)系代詞(that, which, who, whom, as等)，且從句中缺主語(yǔ)時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞在從句中作主語(yǔ)，不能省略；從句中缺賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，關(guān)系詞在從句中作賓語(yǔ)，可以省略。

2.如果從句中缺狀語(yǔ)，要使用關(guān)系副詞(when, where, why等)。例如：

1) The place ____ we visited last week is very beautiful.

從句中缺賓語(yǔ),使用關(guān)系代詞which, that填空,也可以省略關(guān)系詞。

2) The place ____ we visited the old temple last week is very beautiful.

從句中缺狀語(yǔ)，使用與地點(diǎn)相關(guān)的關(guān)系副詞where填空。(注：where=介詞+which)

3) I want to know the date ____ you were born.

從句中缺狀語(yǔ)，使用與時(shí)間相關(guān)的關(guān)系副詞when填空。(注：when=介詞+which)

4) I have remembered the date ____ I forgot just now.

從句中缺賓語(yǔ),使用關(guān)系代詞which, that填空,也可以省略關(guān)系詞。

5) Do you know the reason ____ he is absent today?

從句中缺狀語(yǔ)，使用與原因相關(guān)的關(guān)系副詞why填空。(注：why=for which)

6) This is the reason ____ I want to tell you.

從句中缺賓語(yǔ),使用關(guān)系代詞which, that填空,也可以省略關(guān)系詞。

補(bǔ)充：還應(yīng)注意準(zhǔn)確把握一些特殊先行詞的詞義，如：case(情況), stage(時(shí)期，階段), point(處境，狀況), situation(情況), occasion(時(shí)機(jī)，場(chǎng)合)等。例如：

1) I can think of many cases where students obviously know a lot of English words and expressions but couldnt write a good essay.

2) They quarrel so often that they have reached the point where they want to separate from each other.

處理以上問題，既要準(zhǔn)確把握這類詞的詞義，也要根據(jù)定語(yǔ)從句內(nèi)部所缺成分(設(shè)置的考題中多見從句內(nèi)缺狀語(yǔ)現(xiàn)象)。

二、處理好體現(xiàn)從屬關(guān)系的兩種結(jié)構(gòu)

1.whose+名詞(whose指的是“人的或物的”) 例如：

1) A child whose parents are dead is called an orphan.

(whose指的是“人的”)

whose parents=the parents of whom=of whom the parents

2) Last month, the central Hunan Province was struck by heavy snow, from whose effects the people are still suffering.

(whose指的是“物的”)

whose effects=the effects of which=of which the effects

2.部分和整體的關(guān)系 例如：

1) The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every year, 80％ of which are sold abroad. (80％ of which=of which 80％ )

2) The old lady has a daughter and two sons, none of whom live with her. (none of whom=of whom none)

三、注意一些不可缺少的介詞

有些關(guān)系代詞在從句中作賓語(yǔ)，但與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的銜接需要一個(gè)介詞。注意不要忽略這些介詞，還要根據(jù)與從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的銜接選準(zhǔn)介詞。例如：

1) The gentleman about whom you told me yesterday proved to be a thief.

2) Here is a pen, with which you can fill in the form.

注：根據(jù)搭配習(xí)慣，介詞可留在從句內(nèi)，這時(shí)，關(guān)系詞可以省略；介詞也可以放在關(guān)系詞前(只有of which 或of whom 兩種形式)。

四、掌握兩個(gè)特殊結(jié)構(gòu)

1.往往先行詞是一個(gè)詞或短語(yǔ), 但近年來(lái)考題中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)這樣一個(gè)考點(diǎn)：先行詞是一個(gè)句子,也就是主句。這時(shí), 關(guān)系代詞只能用 as或 which。例如：

We jumped for joy at the news, as/which was natural.

但是,從句如果在前面,關(guān)系代詞只能用as。例如：

As was natural, we jumped for joy at the news.

2.先行詞受such, same等詞修飾時(shí),關(guān)系代詞只能用as。例如：

He is such a lovely student as everyone likes.

五、定語(yǔ)從句的省略形式

和賓語(yǔ)從句一樣，定語(yǔ)從句也有省略形式，且也是一個(gè)特殊的不定式短語(yǔ)。

但有區(qū)別，賓語(yǔ)從句的省略形式是：特殊疑問詞+不定式; 定語(yǔ)從句的省略形式是：關(guān)系詞+不定式。例如：

1) The poor man has no house where he can live.

=The poor man has no house where to live.(定語(yǔ)從句)

2) I haven't decided what I should do.

=I haven't decided what to do.(賓語(yǔ)從句)