直接引語和間接引語

李國(guó)勤

引述某人的話一般采用兩種形式：一種是直接引語（Direct Speech），即原封不動(dòng)地引用原話，把它放在引號(hào)內(nèi)；另一種是間接引語（Indirect Speech），即用自己的話加以轉(zhuǎn)述，被轉(zhuǎn)述的內(nèi)容不放在引號(hào)內(nèi)。

一、直接引語變間接引語

A． 陳述句的間接引語

直接引語是陳述句，變?yōu)殚g接引語時(shí)，在多數(shù)情況下都構(gòu)成一個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句，引述動(dòng)詞通常是say, tell等。與此同時(shí)，間接引語中的人稱、時(shí)態(tài)和其他方面也要相應(yīng)有所變化。

The foreigner said to me, “I like Beijing very much.”

那老外對(duì)我說：“我很喜歡北京?！?/p>

→The foreigner told me that he (she) liked Beijing very much.

那老外告訴我說他（她）很喜歡北京。

She said, “We are very fond of sports.” 她說：“我們都喜歡體育運(yùn)動(dòng)?！?/p>

→She said that they were very fond of sports. 她說他（她）們都喜歡體育運(yùn)動(dòng)。

“Ill go over the grammar lesson once again,” he said.

他說：“我將把語法課再?gòu)?fù)習(xí)一遍。”

→He said that he would go over the grammar lesson once again. 他說他將要把語法課再?gòu)?fù)習(xí)一遍。

B． 疑問句的間接引語

1．一般疑問句和反意疑問句

一般疑問句改為間接引語時(shí)，要用陳述語序，并要加連詞if 或 whether，其主句動(dòng)詞常用ask, wonder, want to know, didnt know等。句末不用問號(hào)。

My teacher asked me, “Do you like American country music？” 我老師問我：“你喜歡美國(guó)鄉(xiāng)村音樂嗎？”

→My teacher asked me if/whether I liked American country music. 我老師問我是否喜歡美國(guó)鄉(xiāng)村音樂。

“You havent been to Beijing, have you?” asked he. 他問：“你沒去過北京，是嗎？”

→He asked me if/whether I had been to Beijing. 他問我是否去過北京。

2．否定的一般疑問句和選擇疑問句

如果直接引語為否定的一般問句或選擇疑問句時(shí)，用whether/or連接。

She said, “Dont you know my telephone number?” 她說：“你難道不知道我的電話號(hào)碼嗎？”

→She asked me whether I knew her telephone number or not.

她問我是否知道她的電話號(hào)碼。

“Do you like this one or that one?” Tom asked. 湯姆問：“你是喜歡這個(gè)還是那個(gè)？”

→Tom asked me whether I liked this one or that one. 湯姆問我是喜歡這個(gè)還是那個(gè)。

3．特殊疑問句

直接引語為特殊疑問句時(shí)，間接引語前仍然用特殊疑問詞作為連詞引導(dǎo)賓語從句，注意從句必須用陳述語序，主句謂語動(dòng)詞常用ask。

He asked, “How do you like it?” 他問：“你覺得怎樣？”

→He asked me how I liked it.

他問我覺得它怎樣。

She asked me, “Whats the matter with you？” 她問我：“你怎么啦？”

→She asked me what was the matter with me. 她問我我怎么啦。

“How many books do you have?” she asked. 她問：“你有多少本書？”

→She asked me how many books I had. 她問我有多少本。

4.其它

英語中有些疑問句并非提出疑問，而是表示請(qǐng)求、勸告、建議等。這種疑問句變?yōu)殚g接引語時(shí)，往往采用其他的形式。

①suggest doing

“Shall we all go to the film tonight?” said Michael. 邁克爾說：“我們今晚都去看電影，好嗎？”

→Michael suggested going to the film tonight. 邁克爾建議今晚都去看電影。

“What about having a drink?” he asked. 他問：“喝一杯怎么樣？”

He suggested having a drink.

他建議喝一杯。

②advise sb. to do

“Why dont you go hiking?” asked James. 詹姆斯問：“你為什么不徒步旅行？”

James advised me to go hiking.

詹姆斯建議我去徒步旅行。

③offer to do

He said, “Would you like me to post the letter?” 他說：“你要我寄信嗎？”

He offered to post the letter.

他主動(dòng)提出寄信。

④ask sb. to do

“Will you please bring your reference book here tomorrow?” she said to me. 她對(duì)我說：“勞駕你明天把你的參考書帶來好嗎？”

→She asked me to take my reference book there the next day.

她讓我第二天把我的參考書帶去。

C． 祈使句的間接引語

1．直接引語為祈使句時(shí)，間接引語往往用復(fù)合賓語來表示，其結(jié)構(gòu)為主語+謂語+賓語+賓語補(bǔ)足語（動(dòng)詞不定式）。引述動(dòng)詞可根據(jù)口氣選用tell, ask, order, command, request等詞，句中please去掉。

She said to me, “Please have a rest.” 她對(duì)我說：“請(qǐng)休息一下?！?/p>

→She asked me to have a rest. 她要求我休息一下。

“Dont all answer at once,” she said to the pupils. 她對(duì)學(xué)生說：“大家不要齊聲回答。”

→She told the pupils not to answer all at once. 她叫學(xué)生不要齊聲回答。

2．帶有l(wèi)et的祈使句（表示請(qǐng)求，建議或命令），可用suggest+v-ing形式或suggest+that從句來表示其相應(yīng)的意思。

“Lets go for a walk,” said the girl. 那姑娘說：“讓我們?nèi)ド⑸⒉桨伞！?/p>

→The girl suggested going for a walk. 這女孩建議去散散步。

The teacher said, “Let Lily tidy the classroom.” 老師說：“讓莉莉整理教室?！?/p>

→The teacher suggested that Lily should tidy the classroom.

老師建議讓莉莉整理教室。

D． 感嘆句的間接引語

1 ．直接引語是感嘆句變?yōu)殚g接引語時(shí)，多采用賓語從句結(jié)構(gòu)，既可用what或how引導(dǎo)，也可用that引導(dǎo)。

“What a clever boy you are!”my teacher said to him. 老師對(duì)他說：“你是個(gè)聰明的孩子??！”

→My teacher told him what a clever boy he was. 老師對(duì)他說他是一個(gè)多聰明的孩子啊。

→My teacher told him that he was a very clever boy. 老師說他是一個(gè)非常聰明的孩子。

He said, “How well you look!” 他說：“你看起來氣色多好??！”

→He said how well I looked.

他說我看起來氣色多好啊。

→He said that I looked very well. 他說我看起來氣色很好。

2.有些感嘆句可以根據(jù)原句的意思，采用適當(dāng)?shù)膭?dòng)詞變?yōu)殛愂鼍?，不需用間接賓語來轉(zhuǎn)述。

“Help!” he cried. 他喊到：“救命??！”

→He called for help.

他大聲呼救。

“What terrible weather it is!” he said. 他說：“多么糟糕的天氣！”

→He complained about the terrible weather.

他抱怨這糟糕的天氣。

“Happy Christmas!” he said.

他說：“圣誕快樂！”

He wished me a happy Christmas. 他祝我圣誕快樂。